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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the cngenital abnormalties of the male urethra |
1. hypospadias (anterior position) 2. epispadia (posterior position) |
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which is more common hypo or epispadia |
hypospadia |
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which will cause problems with potency and fertility |
both |
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what are other abnormalities of the urethra |
1. presence of valvles - obstruct urine flow --> chronic retention of urine and uraemia in infants |
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when does the foreskin become retractile? |
normall first few months 50% after first year almost all after 3rd to 4th year when congenital adhesions between te glans and prepcue dissolve |
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what happens when you try to forcibly retract the foreskin |
trauma to tissue --> scarring --> phimosis |
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define phimosis |
gross narrowing of the preputial orifice |
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what is the cause of phimosis |
1. scarring after trauma of forcible retraction of prepuce or from chronic balanitis 2. chronic balanitis 3. congenital |
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what are the clinical features of phimosis |
1. ballooning of prepuce on micturition and urinary stream is reduced to a dribble |
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where are the testes by 3rd foetal month 7th foetal month 8th foetal month 9th foetal moth |
iliac fossa crosses inguinal ligament external inguinal ring enter scrotim |
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if testes arent in scrotum it could be because (3) |
retractile testes (active cremaster muscle) ectopic testes (not descending through correct route. may be in groin, perineum or root of penis) undescended testes (along the correct route somewhere) |
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which more common, unilateral or bilateral undescended testes |
unilateral (4x more common) |
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what are the complications of maldescent (4) |
1. defecive spermatogenesis 2. risk of torsion 3. risk of trauma 4. risk of malignancy |
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define paraphimosis |
foreskin retracts around corona it interferes with venous return of glans --> swelling of glans and extreme pain |
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what treatment is recommended for paraphimosis |
reducing forskine but circumcision due to recurrence
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define cysts of the epididymis |
multiple, possibly bilateral cysts which prodcue a fluctuant and translucent swelling of the scrotum |
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what is revealed on palpaion of the cyst |
testis palpated separate to cyst
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what is the treatment of cysts of the epidiymis |
1. trouble getting clothes on 2. removal if symptoms present |
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define gydrocoele |
excessive collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis which surround the testis |
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what is the difference between and primary and scondary hydrocoele |
primary - large and firm - no underlysing disease secondary - smaller and lax - secondary to underlying testicular disease |
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define torsion of the testis |
twisting of testis on spermatic cord an acute surgical emergency |
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what is the cause of torsion of the tesits |
1. occurs in anatomically incomplete testis 2. usually in congenitally abnormal testis will undergo irreversible necrosis in hrs |
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what are the clinical featues of torsion of the testis |
1. mild trauma historu 2. history of pain due to torsion and spontaneous untwisting --> swollen painful testis, lower ab pain and vomting |
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define varicoele |
varicose veins of pampiniform venous plexus in spermatic cord more common on left side |
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what are the clinica l features of varicoeles |
1. feel like a bag of worms 2. associated with defective spermatogenesis patients often subfertile |
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defein inguinal hernia |
protrusion of SI through inguinal canal and often into scrotum |
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inguinal hernia may be direct or indirect. what is the difference |
direct = through posterior wall of inguinal canal indirect = through internal inguinal ring and traversing the inguinal canal |
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most hernias occur on --- side (60%) the --- and bilateral are equally common (20% for each) |
right side left |
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what are the three presentations of inguinal gernia |
1. reducible 2. irreducible 3. strangulated |
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what is a reducible hernia |
mass in inguinal canal or scrotum disappears on lying down. not usually painful but some discomfort positive ough impulse |
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what is an irreducible hernia |
mass wont reduce painless |
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what is a strangulated hernia |
non reducible, no cough impulse sudden and severe pain in the hernia and also central ab (colicky in nature) --> signs of mechanical bowel obstruction |
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can females have inguinal hernias |
yes |
