Devpsych Vocab Practice Test 1 (Chapter 1 And 2)

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Reference: Experience Human Development, 15th ed. by Diane Papalia and Gabriela Martorell

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Reference: Experience Human Development, 15th ed. by Diane Papalia and Gabriela Martorell

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human development

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scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human life span.

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life-span development

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concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.

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physical development

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growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.

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cognitive development

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pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

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psychosocial development

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pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships.

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social construction

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a concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is sn invention of a particular culture or society.

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individual differences

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differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes.

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heredity

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inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents.

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environment

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totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development.

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maturation

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unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.

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nuclear family

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two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren.

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extended family

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multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household.

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polygamy

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family structure in which one spouse, most commonly a man, is married to more than one partner.

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socioeconomic status (SES)

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combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation.

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COVID-19

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a novel coronavirus disease causing fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic

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risk factors

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conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome.

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culture

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a society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products—all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children.

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individualistic culture

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a culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals.

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collectivistic culture

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a culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships.

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ethnic group

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a group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.

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ethnic minorities

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ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population.

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intersectionality

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an analytic framework focused on how a person’s multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination.

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Black Lives Matter

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a political and social movement focused on eliminating racially based violence against Black people through nonviolent protest and activism.

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BIPOC

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acronym standing for Black, indigenous and people of color.

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race

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a grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct.

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ethnic gloss

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overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group.

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normative

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characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group.

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historical generation

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a group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.

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cohort

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a group of people born at about the same time.

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nonnormative

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characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.

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imprinting

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instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.

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critical period

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specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development.

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plasticity

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range of modifiability of performance.

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sensitive periods

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times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences.

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theory

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coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.

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hypotheses

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possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research.

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mechanistic model

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model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli.

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organismic model

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model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.

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quantitative change

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change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication.

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qualitative change

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discontinuous change in kind, structure, or organization.

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psychoanalytic perspective

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view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior.

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psychosexual development

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In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.

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psychosocial development

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In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self.

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learning perspective

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view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment.

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behaviorism

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learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior

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classical conditioning

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learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.

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operant conditioning

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learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.

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operant conditioning

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learning based on reinforcement or punishment

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reinforcement

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the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

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punishment

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the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition.

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social learning theory

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theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory.

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reciprocal determinism

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Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development

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observational learning

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learning through watching the behavior of others

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self-efficacy

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sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals.

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cognitive perspective

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view that thought processes are central to development.

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cognitive-stage theory

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Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.

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organization

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Piaget’s term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge.

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schemes

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Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.

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adaptation

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Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation.

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assimilation

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Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.

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accommodation

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Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information.

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equilibration

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Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

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sociocultural theory

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Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development.

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zone of proximal development (ZPD)

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Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.

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scaffolding

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temporary support to help a child master a task.

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information-processing approach

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approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

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information-processing approach

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approach to the study of cognitive development that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

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contextual perspective

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view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context.

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bioecological theory

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Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence.

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evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

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view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior

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ethology

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study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species.

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evolutionary psychology

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application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior.

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quantitative research

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research that deals with objectively measurable data.

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scientific method

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system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings.

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qualitative research

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research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs.

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population

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the entire pool of individuals under study from which a sample is drawn and to which findings may apply.

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sample

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group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study.

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random selection

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selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.

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random sample

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a sample of individuals chosen in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.

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WEIRD

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acronym (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) for the type of societies from which research samples are typically drawn.

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naturalistic observation

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research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation.

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laboratory observation

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research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions.

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observer bias

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any expectations, beliefs, or personal preferences of a researcher that unintentionally influence their findings.

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case study

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study of a single subject, such as an individual or family.

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ethnographic study

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in-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation.

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participant observation

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research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed.

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correlational study

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research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists.

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experiment

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rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other

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experimental group

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In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study.

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control group

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In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study

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independent variable

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In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control.

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dependent variable

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In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable.

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operational definition

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definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon.

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random assignment

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assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group.

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cross-sectional study

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study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion.

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longitudinal study

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study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time.

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sequential study

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study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques

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diversity

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can include race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability, socioeconomic status, political orientation, and so forth.

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p-hacking

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involves combing through data until a statistically significant result is found and then developing a post hoc (after the fact) explanation for the finding.

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beneficence

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the obligation to maximize potential benefits to participants and to minimize potential harm.

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respect

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second principle is for participants’ autonomy and protection of those who are unable to exercise their own judgment.

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justice

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the inclusion of diverse groups together with sensitivity to any special impact the research may have on them.