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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language is most accurately defined as a system of _______ that allow for communication with others.
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symbols
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Mary has difficulty sounding out words like "though" and "calendar." Her difficulties lie in which of the following aspects of language?
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phonology
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Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences?
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semantics
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Andrew sees a cat on the lawn and says to his mother, "Kitty run." His mother responds, "Yes, the kitty is running." This is an example of:
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expanding.
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Little Lisa points to a ball and says "Color dat ball." Her father responds with "What color is the ball?" This is an example of:
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recasting.
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In a study conducted by Betty Hart and Todd Risley (1995), what was the main difference between the way middle-class parents and welfare parents interacted with their children?
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Middle-class parents spoke to their children more.
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Aunt Alice is speaking in normal tones until she is handed her new baby niece. Aunt Alice's voice immediately changes into a higher pitch, and she begins using baby-talk phrases like "goo goo" and "ba ba." This change in Aunt Alice's language behavior is an example of:
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infant-directed speech.
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Which of the following is not a criticism of the behaviorist view of language acquisition?
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Reinforcement is not effective with infants and very young children, therefore language must be acquired through some other process.
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Language is most accurately defined as a system of _______ that allow for communication with others.
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symbols
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Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can still combine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as:
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infinite generativity.
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The word ending --ing is an example of a:
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morpheme
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_______ refers to the units of meaning in word formation.
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Morphology
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The sound system of a language is referred to as:
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phonology
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Mary has difficulty sounding out words like "though" and "calendar." Her difficulties lie in which of the following aspects of language?
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phonology
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Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences?
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semantics
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Pointing to a tree, young Ramal says, "bird flied away." Ramal's inaccurate use of the "ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _______ rules of language.
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morphological
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Yoshi is learning that there are many different ways to say "thank you" in Japanese. It depends on several things, such as the gender and social status of the recipient. This use of appropriate conversation demonstrates:
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pragmatics.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence in which babies produce sounds and gestures during their first year?
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crying-cooing-babbling-gestures
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An infant's first word is usually spoken, on average, at about ____ months of age.
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13
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Compared to one hundred years ago, children's first words today are:
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the same.
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A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with:
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the amount of time parents verbally interact with them
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The ability to think about language is called
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metalinguistic awareness
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Which approach to reading instruction includes learning complete words or entire sentences?
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whole-language approach
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In the debate over whether the whole-language approach or the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach is the better one for teaching children to read:
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researchers have not been able to document that either approach is better.
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Researchers have found that bilingual education programs:
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allow children to successfully learn academic subjects while slowly learning English.
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The optimal time for learning a second language is:
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early to middle childhood
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Edward says to his teacher, "All the world's a stage." He is using:
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metaphor
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At what point do individuals begin to understand metaphors and satire
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adolescence
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"Gulliver's Travels", by Jonathan Swift, poked fun at the politics of his day and is considered an outstanding example of:
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satire.
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A language disorder resulting from brain damage that involves a loss of the ability to use words is:
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aphasia
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The concept of the language acquisition device is an example of how:
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biological evolution influenced human language acquisition.
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Chomsky's theory of language development emphasizes:
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innate structures and biological mechanisms.
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Critical periods for learning language are determined by:
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biology.
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Which of the following is not a criticism of the behaviorist view of language acquisition?
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Reinforcement is not effective with infants and very young children, therefore language must be acquired through some other process.
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Aunt Alice is speaking in normal tones until she is handed her new baby niece. Aunt Alice's voice immediately changes into a higher pitch, and she begins using baby-talk phrases like "goo goo" and "ba ba." This change in Aunt Alice's language behavior is an example of:
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infant-directed speech.
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In a study conducted by Betty Hart and Todd Risley (1995), what was the main difference between the way middle-class parents and welfare parents interacted with their children?
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Middle-class parents spoke to their children more.
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Little Lisa points to a ball and says "Color dat ball." Her father responds with "What color is the ball?" This is an example of:
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recasting.
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Andrew sees a cat on the lawn and says to his mother, "Kitty run." His mother responds, "Yes, the kitty is running." This is an example of:
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expanding.
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Psychologists almost always classify emotions as either:
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positive or negative
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The ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity of emotions is called emotional:
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regulation.
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Which of the following emotions is not a primary emotion?
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guilt
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Which of the following emotions is self-conscious emotion?
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shame
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Suddenly, Jordan gives a long cry and then holds her breath. This is an example of a:
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B) pain cry.
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A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus is referred to as a:
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social smile.
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Which of the following situations is most likely to produce stranger anxiety in an infant?
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meeting a stranger in a research laboratory
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Separation protest tends to peak at _____ months of age.
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15
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Tina uses emotion language in pretend play and can correctly label simple emotions. However, she does not understand that the same event may call forth different feelings in different people. Tina is approximately:
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2 to 3 years of age.
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What term best describes the emotional life of the older adult?
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mellow
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Socioemotional selectivity theory proposes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with:
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A) individuals peripheral to their lives.
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According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults narrow their social circles:
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to have only social partners who satisfy their emotional needs.
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According to Mary Rothbart, the dimension of temperament that includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort is called:
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negative affectivity.
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Chess and Thomas believe the _______ child is the most typical temperament.
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easy
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Josh was an active child with a lot of energy. As an adult, he is likely:
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outgoing
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Research on temperament indicates that it:
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remains relatively stable throughout the life span.
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Attachment refers to:
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a close bond between infant and caregiver.
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In a classic study of attachment by Harlow and Zimmerman, infant monkeys spent more time with the _______ monkey regardless of which monkey fed them.
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cloth
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When put on the floor to play, Baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Baby Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Ainsworth would say that Baby Elaine is:
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insecure resistant.
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The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:
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move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger.
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Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of _______ as a determinant of social competence.
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temperament
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When comparing maternal and paternal infant interactions, it is apparent that:
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fathers' interactions are more likely to include play.
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Kagan's research concerning the effects of high quality child care on children has revealed that this type of child care has:
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no observed adverse effects.
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Children in low-quality day care show increased:
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B) insecure attachment to the mother.
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Brandon, a fifteen-year-old who recently experienced his mother's death, is exhibiting high levels of fear, and he is often disoriented. When considering secure and insecure attachment in adolescence, Brandon's attachment would be classified as:
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unresolved/disorganized.
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Adults who had an ambivalent attachment style in childhood:
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are less trusting and more possessive.
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According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, passion is:
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a physical and sexual attraction
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The type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person is:
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affectionate love.
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If the only real attraction that Richard and Jamie feel toward each other is sexual, Robert Sternberg would argue that they are experiencing:
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infatuation.
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Janet recently broke up with her long-time boyfriend. She says, "I forgot how important my friends are when I was going out with Rick." What kind of change is Janet experiencing?
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relational positive
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Phonology
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Is a sound system of a language including the sound that are used and how they may be combined? Example the initial consonant cluster spr but no words begin with the cluster rsp.
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Morphology
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Refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation a morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning it is a word or a part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts example help and help-er
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Syntax
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Involves the way words are put together to form correct sentences (i.e. grammar)
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Symantics
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Refers to the meaning of words and sentences every word has a set of semantic features which are required attributes related to meaning.
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Pragmatics
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The appropriate use of language in different contexts ie use of polite language taking turn talking
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Telegraphic speech
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The use of short words without grammatical markers such as articles auxiliary verbs and other connectives
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Metalinguistic awareness
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Knowledge about language the ability to discuss the sounds of a language
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Whole-language approach to reading
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Stress that reading instruction should parallel childrens natural language learning
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Phonics approach to reading
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Emphasizes that reading instruction should read phonics and its basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
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Emotion
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The feelings or affect that occurs when a person is engaged in an interaction that is important to him or her especally to his/her own wellbeing emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state the person is in
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Primary emotions
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Are emotions that are present in humans and animals these appear in the first 6 month of life surprise interest joy anger sadness fear and disgust
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Self-conscious emotions
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Pride shame embarrassment guilt being aware of one’s self
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Possible Selves
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the different selves that one sees could be or dont want to be and who the wish to be
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Socioemotional selectivity theory
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The theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place high value on emotional satisfaction older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships with
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Chess and Thomas’ temperaments
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An easy child
Positive mood adapts easily, establishes regular routines in babyhood A difficult child Reacts negatively cries a lot engages in irregular routines slow to except change Slow to warm up child Has a low activity lv is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood |
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Goodness of fit
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The match between the Childs temperament and the environmental demands the child most cope with
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Ainsworth’s Infant attachment styles
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Securely attached baby
Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment Insecure avoidant babies Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother Insecure resistant babies Babies who might cling to the caregiver then resist her by fighting against the closeness Insecure disorganized babies Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented |
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Adolescent attachment styles
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Dismissing avoidant attachment
Insecure attachment style in which adolescents deemphasize the importance of attachment Caused by constant experiences of rejection of attachment needs by caregivers Preoccupied ambivalent An insecure attachment in which adolescents are hyperatuned to attachments experiences Parents/caregivers are inconsistently available Unresolved disorganized attachment An insecure relationship in which the adolescent has an unusually high level of fear and is often disorganized. Caused by parents death or abuse |
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Dating scripts
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Are the cognitive models that guide individuals’ dating interactions?
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Triangular theory of love
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States that love has three dimensions passion intimacy, and commitment
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Self-esteem
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Self-esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs (for example, "I am competent") and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. global extent (for example, "I believe I am a good person, and feel proud of myself in general").
Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic ("trait" self-esteem), though normal, short-term variations ("state" self-esteem) also exist. |
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Self-concept
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Refers to domain specific evaluations of the self I am good at drawing
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Identity
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Who the person is representing a syntheses and integration of self understanding
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Marcia’s Identity Statuses
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Identity Diffusion,
Identity Foreclosure Identity Moratorium Identity Achievement |
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Identity Diffusion,
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is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters.
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Identity Foreclosure
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is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.
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Identity Moratorium
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is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined.
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Identity Achievement
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is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment
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Selective optimization
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Focus on the most important goal at a particular time
Think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals To reach a particular goal, you may need to abandon other goals |
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Optimization theory
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Keep working on what you have planned until you are successful
Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal When you want to achieve something you may need to be patient until the right moment arrives. |
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Compensation
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When things don’t go the way they used to search for other ways to achieve what you want
If things don’t go well for you be willing to let others help you When things don’t go as well as in the past keep trying other ways until you can achieve results that are similar to what you got earlier in your life |
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Trait theories
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State that personality consists of broad dispositions called traits that tend to produce characteristic responses
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Big five factors of personality
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Openness
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Openness
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imaginative or practical interested in variety or routine independent or conforming
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Conscientiousness
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organized or disorganized careful or careless disciplined or impulsive
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Extraversion
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sociable or retiring fun loving or somber affectionate or reserve
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Agreeableness
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softhearted or ruthless trusting or suspicious helpful or uncooperative
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Neuroticism
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clam or anxious secure or insecure self satisfied or self pitying
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What are Erikson’s 8 stages of identity development when do they occur?
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hope - Infant stage.
will - Toddler stage. purpose - Kindergarten competence - Around age 6 to puberty. fidelity - Teenager. love (in intimate relationships, work and family) - Young adult. caring - the Mid-life crisis. wisdom -old age. |
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hope -
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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust - Infant stage. Does the child believe its caregivers to be reliable?
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will -
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Toddler stage. Child needs to learn to explore the world. Bad if the parent is too smothering or completely neglectful.
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purpose -
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Initiative vs. Guilt - Kindergarten - Can the child plan or do things on his own, such as dress him or herself. If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well. Erikson has a positive outlook on this stage, saying that most guilt is quickly compensated by a sense of accomplishment.
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competence -
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Industry vs. Inferiority - Around age 6 to puberty. Child comparing self worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior.
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fidelity
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dentity vs. Role Confusion - Teenager. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. However, if the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion.
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love
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(in intimate relationships, work and family) - Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adult. Who do I want to be with or date, what am I going to do with my life? Will I settle down? This stage has begun to last longer as young adults choose to stay in school and not settle.
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caring -
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Generativity vs. Stagnation - the Mid-life crisis. Measure accomplishments/failures. Am I satisfied or not? The need to assist the younger generation. Stagnation is the feeling of not having done anything to help the next generation.
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wisdom -
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair - old age. Some handle death well. Some can be bitter, unhappy, and/or dissatisfied with what they have accomplished or failed to accomplish within their life time. They reflect on the past, and either conclude at satisfaction or despair.
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What are Erikson’s 8 stages of identity development when do they occur?
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hope - Infant stage.
will - Toddler stage. purpose - Kindergarten competence - Around age 6 to puberty. fidelity - Teenager. love (in intimate relationships, work and family) - Young adult. caring - the Mid-life crisis. wisdom -old age. |
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hope -
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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust - Infant stage. Does the child believe its caregivers to be reliable?
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will -
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Toddler stage. Child needs to learn to explore the world. Bad if the parent is too smothering or completely neglectful.
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purpose -
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Initiative vs. Guilt - Kindergarten - Can the child plan or do things on his own, such as dress him or herself. If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well. Erikson has a positive outlook on this stage, saying that most guilt is quickly compensated by a sense of accomplishment.
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competence -
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Industry vs. Inferiority - Around age 6 to puberty. Child comparing self worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior.
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fidelity
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dentity vs. Role Confusion - Teenager. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. However, if the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion.
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love
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(in intimate relationships, work and family) - Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adult. Who do I want to be with or date, what am I going to do with my life? Will I settle down? This stage has begun to last longer as young adults choose to stay in school and not settle.
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caring -
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Generativity vs. Stagnation - the Mid-life crisis. Measure accomplishments/failures. Am I satisfied or not? The need to assist the younger generation. Stagnation is the feeling of not having done anything to help the next generation.
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wisdom -
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair - old age. Some handle death well. Some can be bitter, unhappy, and/or dissatisfied with what they have accomplished or failed to accomplish within their life time. They reflect on the past, and either conclude at satisfaction or despair.
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