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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the hormonal and physical changes by which children become sexually mature human beings
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puberty
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a " coming of age" ritual, usually beginning at some event such as first menstruation, held in traditional cultures to celebrate children's transition to adulthood
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puberty rite
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a century-long decline in the average age at which children reach puberty in the developed world (nutrition as a factor)
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secular trend in puberty
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a girl's first menstruation
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menarche
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a boy's first ejaculation of live sperm
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spermarche
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hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program various aspects of puberty, such as growth of body hair, skin changes, and sexual desire
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adrenal androgens
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the main hormonal system programming puberty; it involves a triggering hypothalamic hormone that causes the pituitary to secrete its hormones, which in turn cause the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete the hormones that produce the major body changes
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HPG axis
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the sex organs--ovaries or testes
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gonads
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hormone responsible for the maturation of the organ of reproduction and other signs of puberty in men and for hair and skin changes during puberty and for sexual desire in both sexes
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testosterone
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physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction, such as the growth of the penis and onset of menstruation
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primary sexual characteristics
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physical changes of puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction
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secondary sexual characteristics
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a dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty
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growth spurt
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a pathological obsession with getting and staying thin
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eating disorder
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a potentially life threatening eating disorder characterized by pathological dieting (resulting in sever weight loss and extreme thinness) and by a distorted body image
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by cycles of bingeing and purging (vomit/laxatives) in an obsessive attempt to lose weight
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bulimia nervosa
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a cultural code that gives men greater sexual freedom than women. Specifically, society expects males to want to have intercourse and expects females to remain virgins until they marry and to be more interested in relationships than having sex
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sexual double standard
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G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize the life stage he labeled adolescence
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storm and stress
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Jean Piaget's 4th and final stage of cognitive development, reached at around age 12 and characterized by teenagers' ability to reason at an abstract, scientific level
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formal operational stage
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Kohlberg. the lowest level of moral reasoning, in which people approach ethical issues by considering the personal punishments or rewards of taking a particular action
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preconventional level of morality
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Kohlberg. the intermediate level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by considering the need to uphold social norms
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conventional level
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Kohlberg. the highest level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issue by applying their own moral guidelines apart from society's rules
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postconventional level
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Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that their actions are at the center everyone else's consciousness
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adolescent egocentrism
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Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that everyone is watching their every action; a component of adolescent egocentrism
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imaginary audience
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Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to believe that their lives are special and heroic; a component of adolescent egocentrism
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personal fable
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a research procedure designed to capture moment-to-moment experiences by having people carry pagers and take notes describing their activities and emotions whenever the signal sounds
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experience sampling technique
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antisocial behavior that, for most teens, is specific to adolescence and does not persist into adult life
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adolescence-limited turmoil
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antisocial behavior that, for a fraction of adolescents, persists into adult life
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life-course difficulties
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any after school program or structured activity outside of the school day, that is devoted to promoting thriving in teenagers
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youth development program
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a small peer group composed of roughly six teenagers who have similar attitudes and who share activities
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clique
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a relatively large teenage peer group
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crowd
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socialization of a young teenager into delinquency through conversations centered on performing antisocial acts
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deviancy training
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a close-knit, delinquent peer group. Form mainly under conditions of economic deprivation; they offer their members protection from harm and engage in a variety of criminal activities
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gang
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the phase of life that begins after high school, tapers off toward the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life
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emerging
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the characteristic behavior that is expected of a person in a particular social position, such as student, parent married person, worker, or retiree
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role
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sharing a household in an unmarried romantic relationship
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cohabitation
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moving out of a childhood home and living independently
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nest-leaving (not everyone necessarily goes through emerging adulthood and it varies by culture and SES)
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the concept that we regulate our passage through adulthood by an inner timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages
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social clock
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cultural ideas about the appropriate ages for engaging in particular activities or life tasks
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age norms
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being on target in a culture's timetable for achieving adult life tasks
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on time
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being too late or too early in a cultures timetable for achieving adult life tasks
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off time
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in Erikson's theory, the life task of deciding who to be as a person in making the transition to adulthood
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identity
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Erikson's term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of sense of a future adult path
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identity confusion
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Marcia's 4 categories of identity formation: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement
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identity statuses
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an identity status in which the person feels totally blocked, w/o any life path
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identity diffusion
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an identity status in which the person decides on an adult life path (often are spelled out by an authority figure) w/o any thought or active search
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identity foreclosure
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an identity status in which the person actively searches out various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path. A mature style of constructing an identity
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moratorium
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an identity status in which the person decides on a definite adult life path after searching out various options
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identity achievement
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a dual identity based on identification with both one's traditional culture and the norms of the global society
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bicultural identity
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Csikszentmihalyi's term for a feeling of total absorption in a challenging, goal-oriented activity
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flow
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a category of low-wage jobs providing few benefits and little security
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secondary labor market
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a category of jobs offering good salaries and benefits such as healthcare and retirement plans
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primary labor market
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the change from the schooling phase of life to the work world
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school-to-work transition
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Erikson's first adult task, involving connecting with a partner in a mutual loving relationship
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intimacy
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internet dating and love relationships
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virtual dating
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intense fear and dislike of gays and lesbians
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homophobia
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Murstein's mate-selection theory that similar people pair up and that the path to commitment goes through three phases
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stimulus-value-role theory
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in Murstein's theory, the initial mate-selection stage, in which judgments about a potential partner are based on external characteristics such as appearance
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stimulus phase
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in Murstein's theory, the second mate-selection stage, in which judgments about a partner are made on the basis of similar values and interests
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value comparison phase
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in Murstein's theory, the final mate-selection stage, in which committed partners work out their future life together
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role phase
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the principle that we select a mate who is similar to us
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homogamy
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an erratic love relationship characterized by dramatic shifts in feelings and sense of commitment, with the couple repeatedly breaking up and then getting back together again
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event-driven relationship
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the various ways in which adults relate to romantic partners based on Mary Ainsworth's infant attachment styles. Classified as secure and preoccupied/ambivalent insecure or avoidant/dismissive insecure
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adult attachment styles
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an excessively clingy, needy style style of relating to loved ones
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preoccupied/ambivalent insecure attachment
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the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships
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secure attachment
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the decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms that occurred during the last third of the twentieth century
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deinstitutionalization
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the most common pathway of marital happiness in the West, in which satisfaction is highest at the honeymoon, declines during the child-rearing years, then rises after the children grow up
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U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction
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Robert Sternberg's categorization of love relationships into three facets:passion, intimacy, and commitment when arranged at the points of a triangle, their combinations describe all the different kinds of adult love relationships
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triangular theory of love
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in Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the ideal form of love, in which a couple's relationship involves all three of the major facets of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment
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consummate love
(unhappy couples engage in a low ratio of positive to negative interactions unhappy couples get personally hurtful when they argue unhappy couples engage in demand-withdrawal conversations unhappy couples see their partner through an unrealisticlly suspicious lens) |
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a pathological type of interaction in which one partner, most often the woman, presses for more intimacy and the other person, most often the man, tends to back off
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unhappy-withdrawal communication
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an ideal approach to love relationships in which the partners give everything w/o expecting to get anything in return
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communal model of love
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an unsatisfying approach to love relationships in which the partners attempt to "keep score" and give to the other person only when the partner gives to them
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exchange model of love
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the average number of children a woman in a given country has during her lifetime
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fertility rate
(parenthood makes couples less intimate and romantic parenthood produces more traditional (and potentially conflict-ridden) marital roles |
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fairness in the "work" of a couple's life together. If a relationship lacks equity, with one partner doing significantly more than the other, the outcome is typically marital dissatisfaction
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marital equity
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a career path in which people settle into their permanent life's work in their twenties and often stay with the same organization until they retire
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traditional stable career
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today's most common career path for Western workers, in which people change jobs or professions periodically during their working lives
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boundaryless careers
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the separation of men and women into different kinds of of jobs and career paths
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occupational segregation
(women have less continuous careers than men women have different occupations and get lower wages) |
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Donald Super's identification of four career phases: moratorium in adolescence and emerging adulthood; establishment in young adulthood; maintenance in midlife; and decline in late life
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lifespan theory of careers
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work that provides inner fulfillment and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness
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intrinsic career rewards
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work that is performed for external reinforcers, such as prestige or a high salary
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extrinsic career rewards
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a job situation that places so many requirements or demands on workers that it becomes impossible to do a good job
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role overload
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a situation in which a person is torn between two or more major sets of responsibilities--for instance, parent and worker--and cannot do either job adequately
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role conflict
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a worker who puts his or her job above family life
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work-centric-worker
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a worker who puts equal importance on family and career
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dual-centric worker
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a worker who puts family life above a job
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family-centric worker
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