Dental Hygiene Microbiology And Immunology Board Review

Front 1

Gram Positive Cell Wall characteristics

Back 1

Stains blue

very thick

NO endotoxin

NO periplasmic space

does NOT block diffusion of antibiotics (vulnerable to penicillins and lysozyme

2 layers

contains teichoic acid

Front 2

Gram Negative Cell Wall characteristics

Back 2

stains red

has 3 layers

very thin

cell wall has murein lipoprotein

has periplasmic space and porin channel

contains endotoxin Lipid A on outer cell wall

blocks diffusion of penicillins and lysozyme

HIGH lipid content

Front 3

What is the causative organism for tuberculosis

Back 3

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 4

How is tuberculosis spread?

Back 4

via airborne transmission (droplets)

Front 5

What type of bacterium require dark field microscopy?

Back 5

Spirochetes

Front 6

Gram positive cocci

Back 6

Non mobile

do NOT form spores

Front 7

What enzyme is referred to as the "spreading factor" and is necessary for invading tissue during spread of infection?

Back 7

Hyaluronidase

Front 8

Streptococcus

Back 8

arranged in chains or pairs

ALL are catalase negative

Front 9

What type of streptococcus completely lyse RBC's

Back 9

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Alpha hemolytic- partially lyse RBC

Gamma-hemolytic- Unable to lyse RBC

*BAG*

Front 10

Group A streptococci cause what?

Back 10

Group A-most important human pathogens

1. streptococcal pharyngitis

2. pyogenic infections

3. tonsillitis

4. scarlet fever/rheumatic fever

Front 11

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Back 11

hemolytic ability due to production of hemolysins

many strains are anti phagocytic

ability to adhere to pharyngeal epithelium

Front 12

What kind of streptococcus are normal inhabitants of Nasopharynx and Gingival Cervices?

Back 12

Viridans group of streptococcus

(mostly alpha-hemolytic)

Front 13

What type of streptococcus binds to teeth and produces dextran polysaccharides in the presence of sucrose, then can produce dental caries and acid

Back 13

S. mutans

Front 14

S. Mutans

Back 14

metabolizes sucrose to lactic acid which creates an acid environment, therefore demineralizing enamel

Front 15

What does S. Mutans use sucrose to produce?

Back 15

Dextrans

Front 16

What are the bacteria associated with abscesses?

Back 16

S.intermedius and S. anginosus

Front 17

Most common viridans organims

Back 17

S. Mutans-caries

S. sobrinus-caries

S. salivarius-colonizes oral tissue-- ASSOCIATED WITH THE TONGUE

Front 18

What type of cocci is penicillin-G resistant

Back 18

STAPHYLcoccus

Front 19

characteristics of staphylococcus

Back 19

1. non-mobile

2. non-spore forming

3. facultative aerobe

typical lesion of a staphylococcus is abscess formation

Front 20

What staphyl bacteria is a major producer of proteins called leukocidins (destroy phagocytes)

Back 20

staphylococcus aureus

destroyed phagocytes make up much of the material in pus

Front 21

What is the staphylococcus infection that is the MOST resistant disease-causing organism?

Back 21

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Vancomycin and Bactrim antibiotics to tx MRSA

Front 22

What type of gram positive ROD is the causative organism for anthrax or food poisoning?

Back 22

Bacillus

Front 23

What is the gram positive rod that is the causative organism for meningitis and sepsis?

Back 23

Listeria

It has endotoxin

Front 24

What is the gram- cocci causative organism for meningitis or gonorrhea

Back 24

Neisseria

Front 25

What does gram(-) spiral shaped organisms

Back 25

Syphilis

Treponemtosies

Lyme disease

Leptospirosis

Found in association with NUP/NUG

Front 26

What type of microbe is associate with advanced carious lesions DEEP in enamel and are aciduric?

Back 26

Lactobacillus

Front 27

What gram positive pleomorphic rods have been implicated in root caries?

Back 27

Actinomyces

Front 28

Which phase of bacteria growth consists of slow growth at first as bacteria acclimate to their environment?

Back 28

Lag phase

cellular metabolic activity was not increased during this phase

Front 29

what phase of bacteria growth occurs very rapidly, and is the phase where microorganisms are most prone to breakdown by antimicrobial agents

Back 29

Logarithmic (exponential) phase

Front 30

What phase of bacteria growth shows no net increase or decrease in cell numbers

Back 30

Stationary Phase

nutrients are used up and waste products build

Front 31

What phase of bacteria growth will the microbes die off?

Back 31

Death phase

Front 32

Which sugar is used by S.mutan to produce dextrans

Back 32

Sucrose

Front 33

Other sugars such as fructose, lactose, and glucose can be digested by S.mutans but the end product is what?

Back 33

Lactic acid (not dextrans)

Front 34

A combination of what 2 products produces dental caries?

Back 34

Plaque + Acid= Caries

Front 35

Which viridian organisms produce caries?

Back 35

S.mutans and S.sobrinus

Front 36

Which viridian organisms produce endocarditis?

Back 36

S.mitis

Front 37

Which viridian organism produce plaque colonization and endocarditis?

Back 37

S.sanguis

Front 38

Which viridian organism produce colonization of oral tissues and is associated with the TONGUE?

Back 38

S.salivarius

Front 39

Viridans streptococcus is implicated in what condition?

Back 39

Facial cellulitis

Front 40

Streptococcus pneumonia is encapsulated with what type of saccharide layer?

Back 40

Polysaccharide layer. This makes it very resistant and destructive

Front 41

Which gram (+) rod causes

Tetanus(lock jaw)

Botulism

Gangrene

Food poisoning

Pesudomembranous colitis?

Back 41

Clostridium

Front 42

Which gram (+) rod is the causative organism for diphtheria?

Back 42

Corynebacterium

Front 43

The most commonly used source of energy is carbon and _____ for humans and bacteria.

Back 43

Glucose

Front 44

A major factor in growth of bacteria is oxygen metabolism. What are the 3 forms of highly reactive radicals?

Back 44

Hydrogen peroxide

Superoxide radicals

Hydroxyl radicals

Front 45

What are the 3 enzymes called that break down oxygen products?

Back 45

Catalase (breaks down hydrogen peroxide)

Peroxidase (breaks down hydrogen peroxide)

Superoxide dismutase (breaks down superoxide radical)

Front 46

Obligate aerobes

Back 46

-Just like us!

-Have all enzymes( catalase, peroxidase, superoxide, dismutase)

-Uses Kreb cycle and glycolysis

Examples:

Neisseria

Pseudomonas

Legionella

Mycobacterium

Front 47

Facultative anaerobes

Back 47

Aerobic

Use oxygen

Can grow in the absence of oxygen by using fermentation

Examples:

Staphylococcus

Listeria

Actinomyces( root careis!)

Gram (-) rods

Front 48

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 48

HATE Oxygen!

Examples:

Prevotella

Prophyromonas gingivalis

Front 49

Microaerophilic bacteria

Back 49

"Aeorotolerant anaerobes"

Use fermentation

Tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have "superoxide dismutase"

Examples:

Streptococcus

Spirochetes

Campylobacter(pregnancy gingivitis)

Front 50

Which bacteria is associated with; pregnancy gingivitis, facial cellulitis, NUP/NUG?

Back 50

Prevotella

Front 51

Which pathogen is associated with periodontal disease?

Back 51

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Front 52

What is the name of the enzyme in porphyromonas gingivalis

Back 52

Collagenase

(enzyme capable of breaking down collagen in connective tissue and periodontal attachment apparatus)

Tetracyclines(like doxycycline) have anit-collagenase properties making them ideal treatment options in the treatment of periodontal disease

Front 53

Antibiotic kills most bacteria but is ineffective in killing?

Back 53

fungal organisms

Front 54

What treatment is used topically to treat oral candidiasis?

Back 54

Nystatin

Front 55

What treatment is used systemically to treat oral candidiasis?

Back 55

Fluconazole

Front 56

Superficial candidiasis that can be wiped off to reveal red ulceration?

Back 56

thrush

Front 57

Systemic infection of candida may involve:

Back 57

Lungs

Kidneys

Heart

Esophagus****

Front 58

mRNA

Back 58

Positive strand RNA

Front 59

Template for production of mRNA

Back 59

Negative strand RNA

Front 60

What are examples of RNA viruses?

Back 60

Hep A, C, D, E.. NOT hep B

Rhino virus

Influenza virus

Mumps

Measles

Rabies

HIV**

Front 61

DNA has BOTH positive and negative strands

RNA NEVER has both

Front 62

Role of mRNA

Back 62

Move the information contained in DNA to the cells cytoplasm where protein synthesis and viral replication takes place

DNA-->mRNA-->aminoacids

Front 63

What is the primary function of mRNA?

Back 63

Translation

Front 64

DNA to RNA is defined as?

Back 64

Transcription

Front 65

Examples of DNA virus

Back 65

Human papilloma virus

Herpes Simplex I and II

Varicella-Zoster

CMV

Epstein-Barr virus

Smallpox

Front 66

What is the causative agent for Epstein barr virus?

Back 66

Herpes virus

It is NOT- retrovirus, rhino virus, rota virus

Front 67

Epstein-Barr virus is the causative organism for

Back 67

Infectious mononucleosis

(may also be implicated in malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma)

Front 68

The Epstein-barr virus is also implicated by?

Back 68

Oral hairy leukoplakia

Front 69

Measles are spread via?

Back 69

Nasopharyngeal secretions

Measles CAN cross PLACENTAL BARRIERS

Front 70

Koplik's spots (measles) are described as?

Back 70

small, red-based lesions with blue centers in the mouth

Front 71

Coxsackie virus is a causative organism for?

Back 71

Herpangina

Front 72

Varicella-zoster virus(VZV) cause?

Back 72

Chickenpox and herpes zoster(shingles)

Front 73

The only Hepatitis virus that is not an RNA is?

Back 73

HBV(Hepatitis B). It is the only one that is a DNA virus