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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Main groups included in the head and neck anatomy (11) |
-osteology -nervous system -muscles -TMJ -circulatory system -lymphatics -histology/embryology -tongue -salivary glands -odontogenesis -tooth tissues |
|
what are the bones of the neurocranium? (6) |
-frontal -occipital -ethmoid -sphenoid -temporal -parietal
|
|
what are the 5 components of the temporal bone? |
-mastoid process -styloid process -articular fossa and eminence -stylomastoid foramen (VII) -petrous portion (houses hearing components) |
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what part of the temporal bones house the hearing components |
petrous portion |
|
medial wall of the orbit |
ethmoid |
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posterior wall of the orbit |
sphenoid |
|
medial floor of the orbit |
maxillae |
|
most medial bone of the orbit |
lacrimal |
|
lateral wall of the orbit |
zygomatic |
|
nonarticulated horeshoe shaped bone in the midline, inferior to mandible |
hyoid bone |
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what are the 8 bones of the face? |
-mandible -maxillae -vomer -nasal lacrimal -zygomatic -inferior nasal conchae -palatine |
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bones that appear on the right and left side of the face are called |
bilateral |
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what are the 3 landmarks of the sphenoid bone |
-greater and less wings -medial and lateral pterygoid plates -hamulus |
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origin of medial and lateral pterygoid muscles |
lateral pterygoid plate |
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projects from the medial pterygoid plate |
hamulus |
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what are the 3 foramina of the sphenoid bone |
-superior orbital fissure -foramen rotundum -foramen ovale |
|
muscle attachment of mandible |
genioglossus muscle |
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3 branches of the trigeminal nerve |
V1 ophthalmic V2 maxillary V3 mandibular |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone |
opthalmic |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve includes tip of nose (nasociliary), eyes (lacrimal), and forehead (frontal) |
ophthalmic |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone |
maxillary |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve includes the upper teeth, nose, palate, mouth, cheek and temporal region |
maxillary |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone |
mandibular |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve enters the mandible through the mandibular foramen |
mandibular |
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what branch of the trigeminal nerve includes the muscles of mastication and lower teeth |
mandibular |
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innervates temoralis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid muscles |
anterior division of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve |
|
passes through the incisive foramen under the incsive papilla |
nasopaltine |
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what nerve innervates the pulp of the mandibular teeth |
inferior alveolar nerve |
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what nerve innervates the pulp and buccal of the maxillary molars |
posterior superior alveolar nerve |
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what nerve innervates the pulp buccal of the maxillary premolars |
middle superior alveolar nerve |
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what nerve innervates the pulp and facial gingiva of the maxillary anterior teeth |
anterior superior alveolar nerve |
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innervation of the muscles of mastication |
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) |
|
blood supply of muscles of mastication |
maxillary artery (branch of the external carotid artery) |
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what are the 4 parts of the temporal bone |
-mandibular fossa -glenoid fossa -articular eminence -articular fossa |
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What are the 4 major parts of the temporomandibular joint? |
-temporal bone -mandible -articular disc -capusle |
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what part of the TMJ is a fiborus pad of dense collagen tissue that prevents bone to bone contact and divides the joint into upper and lower synovial cavities (thickest at the posterior, and thinner in the center) and moves with the condyle under normal function |
articular disc |
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what part of the TMJ is a thick, fibrous tissue surrounding the joint reinforces by the TMJ ligament inner lining and secretes synovial fluid |
capsule |
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What causes rotation of the TMJ |
condyle rotates in the fossa |
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what causes the translation of the TMJ |
condyle slides forward along the articular fossa to the articular eminence (disc moves with condyle in health) |
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what causes trismus of the TMJ |
hypomobility from trauma, disease, and bruxism |
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what 3 muscles of mastication elevate |
-masseter -temporalis -medial pterygoid |
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what muscles of mastication depresses |
lateral pterygoid muscles (working with the hyoid muscles)
|
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what muscle of mastication initiate protrusion |
lateral pterygoid |
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what muscle of mastication initiate retrusion |
temporalis |
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what muscle of mastication initiates lateral shift |
lateral ptyergoid |
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innervation of the muscles of facial expression is caused by |
facial nerve (VII) |
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the blood supply to the muscles of facial expression is from |
the facial artery (branch of the external carotid artery) |
|
levator |
lifts |
|
depressor |
pulls down |
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anguli |
angle |
|
orbicularis |
circular |
|
oculi |
eye |
|
oris |
mouth |
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nasii |
nose |
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labii |
lip |
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superioris |
upper |
|
inferiorirs |
lower |
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aleque |
side |
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T/F: if the muscle of facial expression inserts into the mouth an origin above the mouth will contribute to a smile |
True |
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T/F: if a muscle of facial expression is below the mouth it will contribute to a smile? |
F: contribue to a frown |
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what 3 muscles help us smile? |
-zygomaticus -levator anguli oris -risorius |
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hyperactivity of what muscle makes the lower lip retraction difficult |
mentalis |
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what muscle compresses the cheek, is enlarged with bruxism, and originates from the ptyergomandibular rahpe and inserts into the muscles of the lip |
buccinator |
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What muscles originate from the hyoid bone |
hyoid muscles |
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what muscles are important for chewing, swallowing, and speaking since they comprise the floor of the mouth |
hyoid muscles |
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what muscles work with the lateral pterygoid muscles to open the mouth |
hyoid muscles |
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what nerves are responsible for hyoid muscles innervation |
trigeminal (V) facial nerve (VII) |
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the muscle group below the hyoid bone that stabalize the hyoid bone |
infrahyoid muscles |
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what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles |
-thryohyoid -sternohyoid -sternothyroid -omohyoid |
|
muscle group above the hyoid bone and open the mouth (depress the mandible) |
suprahyoid muscles |
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what are the 4 suprahyoid muscles |
-mylohyoid -geniohyoid -digastric -sylohyoid |
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the ______ muscles make up the floor of the mouth |
mylohyoid |
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what are the 2 muscles of the neck |
-sternocleidomastoid -trapezius |
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innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
accessory never (XI) |
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innervation of the trapezius muscle |
accessory nerve (XI) |
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origin of the sternocleidomastoid |
sternum (breastbone) and clavicle (collarbone) |
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insertion of the sternocleidomastoid |
mastoid process of the temporal bone |
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funtion of the sternocleidmastoid |
tilts and rotates the head |
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origin of the trapezius muscel |
occipital and vertebrae bones |
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insertion of the trapezius |
scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle |
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function of the trapezius |
rotate and elevate the shoulders |
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pacemaker of the heart, in the right atrial wall |
SA (SinoAtrial) node |
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supply the heart with blood |
coronary arteries |
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carry blood to the hear |
veins |
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carry blood away from the heart |
arteries |
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measure blood pressure via large artery |
brachial cuff |
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location of emergency pulse for adult |
carotid |
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location of emergency pulse for child |
brachial |
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nonemergency pulse for adult |
radial |
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nonemergency pulse for child |
brachial |
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deoxygenated blood flow of heart |
-superior and inferior vena cavae (from body) -right atrium -tricuspid valve -right ventricle -pulmonary arter (to lungs) |
|
oxygenated blood flow of heart |
-pulmonary vein (from lungs) -left atrium -bicuspid valve -left ventricle -aorta (to body) |
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blood flow from the heart to the head |
-aorta -right side (brachiocephalic artery, branching to the common carotid) -left side: common carotid -right and left common carotid branch -internal carotid: skull, eye, brain -external carotid: everything else (teeth, muscles, tongue, face, lips)
|
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blood flow to oral and facial structures is supplied by the 3 major branches of the _______ |
external carotid artery |
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what are the 3 branches of the external carotid artery |
-maxillary -lingual facial |
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what branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood flow to the teeth, muscles of mastication, adn ear |
maxillary |
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what branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood flow to the tongue and floor of the mouth |
lingual |
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what branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood flow to the muscles of facial expression, lips, eyelids, soft palate, and throat |
facial |
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what are the 6 veins of the head and neck |
-internal jugular vein -facial vein -pterygoid plexus -superficial temporal vein -common facial vein -cavernous sinus |
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Drains brain, facial vein, and superficial temporal vein |
internal jugular vein |
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drains facial structures (nose, lips, eyes, submetal and submandibular areas) |
facial |
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what vein is found near the pterygoid muscels, maxillary tuberosity, and sphenoid vein |
pterygoid plexus |
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what vein drains to form the maxillary vein |
pterygoid plexus |
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the teeth, muscles of mastication, buccinator, nose, and palate drain into the |
pterygoid plexus |
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what vein may be pierced through improper angulation of the needle during the adminstration of the PSA block resulting in a hematoma |
pterygoid plexus |
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what vein drains areas supplied by maxillary and superficial temporal arteries |
superficial temporal vein |
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what 2 veins form the retromandibular vein |
-superficial temporal vein -maxillary vein |
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what vein reults in the union of the facial and retromandibular vein |
common facial vein |
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sinus containing venous blood located on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose |
cavernous sinus |
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the teeth drain into the ______ which forms the ____ |
pterygoid plexus maxillary vein |
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flow of blood into the veins of the head and neck |
-the teeth drain into the pterygoid plexus which forms the maxillary vein -blood is returned to the heart through the retromandibular vein, the external jugular vein, the subclavaian vein, brachiocephalic vein, and the superior vena cava to the right atrium |
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fetal pressure on the _____ could cause orthostatic hypotension |
inferior vena cava |
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drop in blood pressure due to sudden change of posture |
orthostatic hypotension |
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the ____ system is a network of tiny channels and nodes |
lymphatic |
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helps the venous circulation return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream from the tissues of the body, and plays a key roll in our immune system |
lymphatic system |
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what cells are derived from the stem cells in the bone marrow |
lymphocytes |
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present in lymph nodes (T cells mature in the thymus) and respond to foreign antigens in the tissue fluids |
lymphocytes |
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what do tender and/or enlarged lymph nodes indicate? |
infection or malignancy |
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what are the 8 lymph node groups |
-parotid nodes -buccal nodes -occipital nodes -superficial cervical nodes -anterior cervical nodes -submental nodes -submandibular nodes -deep cervical nodes (superior/inferior)
|
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What lymph node drains fluid from the mandibular incisors, tip of tongue, midline of lip, chin, and floor of the mouth |
submental nodes |
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what lymph node drains the submental nodes and remaining teeth (may or may not include 3rd molars) |
submandibular teeth |
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what lymph node drains the submandibular noes, 3rd molars, and the wall of the throat (includes retropharyngeal nodes) |
deep cervical nodes |
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what lymph node drains structures of the oropharynx |
superior deep cervical nodes |
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what lymph node drains the superior deep cervical nodes |
inferior depe cervical nodes |
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first node affected by a disease process |
primary node |
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the second set of nodes affected by a disease process |
secondary node |
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the third nodal set affected by a disease process |
tertiary node |
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blood supply to the tongue |
lingual arterty |
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innervation of the tongue: 4 nerves |
-XII (hypoglossal) -V3 (trigeminal: mandibular) -VII (facial) -IX (glossopharyngeal) |
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intrinsic muscles ___ and ____ within the tongue |
start and end |
|
determine the shape of the tongue |
intrinsic muscles |
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what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue |
-superior and inferior longitudinalis -transverse and vertical groups |
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____ muscles originate elsewhere and insert into the tongue |
extrinsic |
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control and position of the tongue |
extrinsic msucles |
|
4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue |
-hyoglossus -styloglossus -genioglosus -palatoglossus |
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palatoglossus is innervated by what 2 nerves |
vagus (X) accessory (XI) |
|
what are the 4 types of paillae |
-filiform -fungiform -foliate -circumvallate |
|
keratinized papillae protect the tongue |
filliform |
|
contain no taste buds |
filiform |
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most numerous papillae |
filiform |
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give tongue its velvet appearance |
filiform |
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elongation of what pipllae is known as hairy tongue |
filiform |
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few,larger (appear as red bumps) and contain taste buds |
fungiform |
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found in the folds of tissue at the posterior, lateral border |
foliate |
|
what papillae: 8-12 in number |
circumvallate
|
|
just anterior to the sulcus terminalis |
circumvallate |
|
contain taste buds and gland of von ebner |
circumvallate |
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v-shapped line separating the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue |
sulcus terminalis |
|
found at the center or point of the sulcus terminalis and is the site of embryonic origin of the thyroid gland |
foramen caecum |
|
the salivary glands are _____ glands (they have ducts) |
exocrine |
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salivary gland ducts are lined by _______ |
stratified cuboidal epithelial cells |
|
the flow of saliva is stimulated by the _____ system |
parasympathetic nervous system |
|
produces 65% of total saliva |
submandibular gland |
|
duct of the submandibular gland |
whartons duct |
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where does the whartons duct empty? |
under the tongue |
|
has mixed secretion (mostly serous) |
submandibular |
|
what salivary gland is located near the angle/body of the mandible (staphnes defect) |
submandibular |
|
what 2 salivary glands are inervated by what facial (VII) parasympathtic cranial nerve |
submandibular and sublingual |
|
produces 10 of total saliva |
sublingual |
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what is the sublingual duct |
ducts of rivinus |
|
how many ducts of rivinus are there |
8-20 |
|
where do the ducts of rivinus empty |
under the tonuge |
|
where to the ducts of rivinus open |
ate the sublingual fold (bartholins duct) |
|
mixed secretion (mostly mucous) |
sublingual |
|
located in floor of mouth near midline |
sublingual |
|
produces 25% of total saliva |
parotid |
|
parotid gland duct |
stensons duct |
|
where does the stensons duct empty? |
opposite the maxillary molars |
|
serous secretion only |
parotid |
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salva produced by the ____ gland contains amylase for break down of starches |
parotid |
|
what salivary gland is located in front of and below the ears |
parotid |
|
duct found in the sublingual fold |
bartholins duct |
|
contains the duct opening for both the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
sublingual caruncle |
|
what are the 3 developmental layers of a human embryo |
-ectoderm -mesoderm -endoderm |
|
what developmental layer forms the outer covering of the body, lining of the oral cavity, and includes enamel and nervous tissue |
ectoderm |
|
what developmental layer forms skeletal and muscular systems, and organs |
mesoderm |
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what developmental layer forms epithelial linings of the internal organs |
endoderm |
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development of the face begins at week ____ with the formation of the _____ |
3 stomodeum |
|
tooth enamel form from _____ lining of the stomodeum |
ectoderm |
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dentin and pulp form from _______ |
extromesenchyme |
|
derived from embryonic ectoderm adjacent to the underlying mesenchymal tissue |
ectomesenchyme |
|
at what stage does the dental lamina (ectodermal thickening) grow into the underlying mesenchymal (connective) tissue at 20 places to form the primary teeth |
BUD stage |
|
at what stage does the ectoderm lining the stomodeum gives rise to oral epithelium and the dental lamina |
initiation stage |
|
at what stage does the enamel organ develops from the dental lamina and will produce enamel |
CAP stage |
|
the dental papilla arises from the _____ and produces the ____ and _____ |
connective tissue (ectomesenchyme) pulp and dentin |
|
the dental sac surrounds the developing tooth and becomes the _____
(hint: 3 structures) |
PDL cementum alveolar bone |
|
at what stage do cells increase in number and for and bell shape |
BELL stage |
|
the enamel organ has ____ distinct layers |
4 |
|
what are the 4 layers of the enamel organ |
outer enamel epithelium stellate reticulum stratum intermedium inner enamel epithelium |
|
the inner enamel epithelium becomes ______ |
ameloblasts |
|
what produces enamel |
ameloblasts |
|
the basement membrane separates the _____ from the ____ |
IEE dental papilla |
|
odontoblasts are from the _______ |
dental papilla |
|
odontoblasts produce |
dentin |
|
the greatest extent of differenciation occurs at what stage of oontogenesis |
Bell stage |
|
at what stage of odontogenesis is there ayer by layer formation of tooth structure |
apposttion stage |
|
at what stage of odontogenesis does tooth tissues fully mineralize with hydroxyapatite |
maturation stage |
|
crystalized calcium phosphate |
hydroxyapatite |
|
the four layers of the enamel condensed together after production of the enamel |
reduced enamel epithelium |
|
most of the REE is lost after___ |
eruption |
|
the reaining parts of the REE after tooth eruption |
junctional epithelium |
|
used as the blueprint for the root outline |
hertwig's epthelial root sheath |
|
dissolves after root formation |
hertwigs epithelial root sheath |
|
remaining cells of the HERS |
rests of malassez |
|
may be a source of cysts in the PDL |
rests of malassez |
|
96% mineralized |
enamel |
|
produced by ameloblasts from the IEE |
enamel |
|
incremental lines form mineralization |
lines of retzius |
|
ends of odontoblastic processes crossing DEJ |
enamel spindles |
|
70% mineralized |
dentin |
|
froms greatest bulk of the tooth |
dentin |
|
produced by odontoblasts from dental papilla |
dentin |
|
deposited before completion of tooth root |
primary dentin |
|
what are the two types of primary dentin |
mantle dentin circumpulpal dentin |
|
1st layer of dentin immediately adjacent to DEJ (around pulp) |
mantle dentin |
|
what layer of dentin contains korffs fibers (thick heavy collagen) |
mantle dentin |
|
remainder of dentin that isn't around pulp |
circumpulpal dentin |
|
what kind of dentin develops after crown is in occlusion |
secondary |
|
hold odontoblastic processes |
dentinal tubules |
|
what causes pain in dentinal tubules |
fluid movement |
|
what contains fibroblasts, odontoblasts, histiocyts, blood vessels nerves, pulp stones |
pulop |
|
50% mineralized (same as bone) |
cementum |
|
found on surface of the root produced by cementoblasts located in the PDL |
cementum |
|
cementum contains ______ in lacunae |
cementocytes |
|
cementum is thinnest at the ____ |
cervical |
|
cementum is thickest at the ____ |
apex |
|
nourishment for the cementum is obtained from the ____ |
PDL |
|
the oral mucosa is composed of what kind of epithelial layer |
stratified squamous epithlium |
|
the oral mucosa is composed of a ____ layer and a _______ |
epithelial layer connective tissue |
|
connective tissue of oral muscos |
lamina propria |
|
the epithelial layer and the lamina propria of the oral mucosa is separated by the |
basement membrane |
|
becomes the DEJ in the developing tooth |
basement membrane |