Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Kinematics |
the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without reference to the forces which cause the motion. |
|
|
Kinetics |
Studies the relationship between speed mass and force |
|
|
Potential energy |
Energy stores in an object |
|
|
Primary blast injures |
Primary blast injuries due to blast itself by pressure wave. Effects the organs . |
|
|
Secondary blast injuries |
Secondary blasts are from flying debris. |
|
|
Tertiary blast injuries |
Person is hurled against a rigid object |
|
|
Quaternary blast injuries |
Heat from the explosion causing burns |
|
|
Quniary blast injuries |
Biological chemical or radioactive contaminants added to a Traditional explosive device |
|
|
Gsw injuries |
Depending upon type of weapon will depict trajectory. Shotguns fire pellets. Rifles fire single bullet at high velocity. Handguns and pistols are shorter barrels. Look for entrance wounds. Hollow points will break apart upon impact in the skin. Ask: type of weapon, range it was fired, type of bullet |
|
|
Falls |
Acceleration downward at 9.8m/sec2. Height will determine velocity of the fall. 2.5 to 3 of the height of pt will have a greater incidence of morbidity Position: children fall head first. Adults usually try to land on their feet. Don Juan syndrome: energy from landing on his feet transferred to spine. Area: the area which the impact is distributed. Surface: what the pt falls onto Physical condition: condition of pt and pre existing medical conditions |
|
|
Mvc involving motorcycles |
Head on impact: hits stationary object but rider continues on Angular impact: hits an object at an angle crushing lower extremities Ejection: hits a stationary object and makes contact with the road Laying the bike down: the motorcycle is turned and tipped sideways 90 degree |
|
|
Seat belts in pregnancy |
Pregnant women are more likely not to wear seat belts due to being uncomfortable. If worn to high can rupture the uterus. |
|
|
Airbag issues |
Airbags will only function on first impact not second. Airbags can result in secondary injuries from direct impact with the airbags. Abrasions to the face neck and chest. Small children can severely injured if airbags inflate while in front seat. |
|
|
Waddell triad |
Waddell's triad is a pattern of injury seen in pedestrian children who are struck by motor vehicles. The triad comprises: fractured femoral shaft. intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal injuries. contralateral head injury. |
|
|
Compensated shock |
Agitation , sense of impending doom, weak rapid pulse, clammy skin, cyanosis of the lips, shortness of breath, delay cap refill, normal blood pressure. Treatment: being aware of pt can go into decompensated shock. Warm blanket and recovery position. |
|
|
Decompensated shock |
Altered mental status, hypotension, irregular breathing, absent pulses, cyanotic skin, dilated pupils, diminished urine output, impending cardiac arrest. Treatment: keep pt warm and administer supplemental oxygen |
|
|
Perfusion |
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs of oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal |
|
|
Exsanguination |
Loss of total blood in the body resulting in death |
|
|
Blood per kg |
70ml /kg |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of blood loss |
Active bleeding, pool of blood loss, low blood pressure |
|
|
Treatment of blood loss |
Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, fibrinogen weaving into the clot and forming fibrin to hold the clot together |
|
|
Hematochezia |
The passage of bloody stools . Hemorrhoids in lower colon can cause it |
|
|
Hematemesis |
Vomiting blood usually upper gi bleed |
|
|
Skin layers |
Epidermis outer layer Dermis nerve endings, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles Subcutaneous layers fat muscle and bone |
|
|
Skin function |
Protection, temperature regulation, fluid regulation, sensation, inflammation response |
|
|
Medications delay healing with skin and layers |
Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, penicillin, colchicine, anticoagulants, antineoplastic |
|
|
Skin infection signs and symptoms |
Puss, warmth, edema local discomfort. Red streaks indicate lymphangitis |
|
|
Open wound |
Disruption in the skin. Open wounds are more serious due to contamination and blood loss. Treatment transport for physician evaluation |
|
|
Closed wounds |
Does not break the skin. Contusions can show damage be blow the skin. Inflammation, redness and fluid into spaces. Blood vessels disrupted black and blue in the injured area. If a large blood vessels are torn a hematoma will form |
|
|
Abraisons |
Epidermis is lost due to road rash. Ooze small amounts of blood. Do not clean abraisons |
|
|
Laceration |
unintentional cut to the skin. Treatment: control the bleeding. Deep laceration may injure muscle or nerves. |
|
|
Electrical burns |
Has an entry and exit point. Electric is turned into heat. Alternating current is more dangerous than direct current because it has repetitive muscle contract which may freeze the victim until the source is cut off. |
|
|
Type of electrical injuries |
True electrical injury causes burns bulls eye lesion. Taser can disrupt electromusclar. Arc type burn or flash. When a victim comes in contact with a high voltage current. When in contact with a tool the tool may become vaporized and may leave imprint on body. Flame burn ignites victims clothing. Asphyxia and cardiac arrest may come from electrical contact. |
|
|
Management of electrical burns |
Fluid therapy and sodium bicarbonate 1-2meq/kg |
|
|
Radiation burns |
3 types Alpha rays bounce off clothing Beta rays can penetrate the skin but not bone Game can penetrate through the bones. Acute radiation sickness high levels radiation over short amount of time. Vomiting is a predictor of poor outcomes |
|
|
Treatment for radiation burns |
Decontamination should be done before transport. Alert hospital of situation. Gently irrigate area. Follow inverse square law get as far away as you can from the source and attempt to place shielding between you and the source |
|
|
Thermal burns |
Occurs when skin exposed to temperatures higher than 111f. Solid burns cause more harm than gas burns. Also called trauma by fire |
|
|
Scald |
Hot liquid burns. Mostly seen in children. Often covers large areas and spread quickly. |
|
|
Inhalation burns |
Inhaled burns. Apply ice pack to throat or mister. May threaten airway. May produce laryngospasm or bronchospasm |
|
|
Nerves that control motor and sensory to face |
Oculomotor nerve causes motion and upper eyelids. Optic nerve controls sense of vision. |
|
|
Bones that protect the eye |
The medial wall is formed primarily by the orbital plate of ethmoid, as well as contributions from the frontal process of maxilla, the lacrimal bone, and a small part of the body of the sphenoid. It is the thinnest wall of the orbit, evidenced by pneumatized ethmoidal cells. |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of soft tissue injuries |
Lacerations by themselves may not be life threatening by itself but if with a moi may suggest the potential for more severe injuries. If associated with oralpharyngeal trauma can lead to respiratory compromise. If impaled object penetrates the cheek blood can go into the stomach and cause aspiration. |
|
|
Fracture to the face signs and symptoms |
Maxillofacial fractures trauma to the face. Swelling, ecchymosis (bruising) creptius, impaired ocular movement. Nasal fractures show similiar signs and symptoms but also has nosebleed (epistaxis). Mandibular fractures. Fractures to the mandible may have fractures in more than one place. |
|
|
signs and symptoms of le fort fractures |
Swelling, ecchymosis, cerebal spinal fluid, severe facial pain le fort 1 fracture of the maxilla that involves the hard place le fort 2 fracture of the pyramidal shape, nasal bone and inferior maxilla le fort 3 fracture (craniofacial disjunction) factor of all mid facial bones, separating the entire mid face from the cranium. |
|
|
signs and symptoms of nasal fractures |
swelling, tenderness and crepitus. Nosebleeds (epistaxis) can compromise the pt airway |
|
|
Temporomandiubular joint (TMJ) signs and symptoms |
Often cause by exaggerated yawning or widely.Commonly feels pop in the mouth and spasm, causing severe pain |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of anisocoria |
Unequal size of pupils. Caused by traumatic brain injury, infection or brain tumor |
|
|
Thermal burns to the eye signs symptoms and treatment |
adnexa are structures that surround the eye. Can come from splash of hot water to the face, hot objects, hot oil and fires. Treatment wrapping both eyes to prevent vision loss. |
|
|
Chemical burns to the eye signs and symptoms treatment |
acid or alkaline substances can have permanent damage to eye and can go blind. swelling and burns on the face. Treatment of chemical burns is irrigation to the eye and to be transported |
|
|
Trauma to the eye signs and symptoms/ treatment |
Lacerations and abrasions need to be seen at an appropriate hospital. Irrigation may help with symptoms. Treatment for abrasions cover both eyes with dressing and transport to the hospital. If able tape both eyes for pt so it is easier for pt to not open his/her eyes which will stop sympathetic eye movement. IF foreign object in eye irrigation of the eye. If object become dislodged from eye cover both eyes and transport. If foreign body is still lodged secure in place bandaging both eyes and transport. |
|
|
Crib plate |
Top part of nasal passage |
|
|
foramen magnum |
Hole of the base of the skull where the spinal cord sits |
|
|
Occipital condyle |
each of two rounded knobs on the occipital bone that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra. |
|
|
Palatine bone |
The palatine bone is a paired, L-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal cavity and hard palate |
|
|
Fontanelles |
space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed |
|
|
Basa Ganglia |
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain and top of the midbrain |
|
|
pons medulla |
The pons is a major structure in the upper part of your brainstem. It is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance. |
|
|
mid brain |
The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. |
|
|
diencephalon |
The diencephalon relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. It connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system and works with the limbic system structures to generate and manage emotions and memories. |
|
|
signs and symptoms and treatment of cerebellum |
signs and symptoms not being able to maintain balance or performing alternating movement. Treatment transport to the hospital |
|
|
Diencephalon signs and symptoms and treatment |
unable to loose weight. Transport to the hospital |
|
|
Cerebral cortex signs and symptoms and treatment |
Voluntary skeletal movement and level of awareness, weakness and paralysis of the extremities. |
|
|
hypothalamus signs and symptoms and treatment |
activities buffers for differential of body temperatures. Also regulates sleep emotions and water balance |
|
|
Cerebrospinal fluid |
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
open skull fractures |
open skull fractures have high mortality rate. Increased infection of bacterial meningitis. |
|
|
Depressed skull fractures |
bones in the frontal and parietal regions compared to other parts of the skull. Depressed skull fractures will often show loss of consciousness greater associated brain injury than seen with other skull injuries |
|
|
Basilar skull fractures |
extension of a linear fracture into the base of the skull. high energy trauma. Temporal bone fractures represent 75% of basilar skull fractures. Hard to diagnose |
|
|
linear fractures |
majority of skull fractures. Needs to be diagnosed in radiologic evaluation. A laceration can occur with a linear fracture causing an open fracture. can also occur on the temporal region, injury to the meningeal artery may result in epidural bleeding |
|
|
When head strikes the windshield in MVC |
When the skull hits the windshield the brain is still traveling forward resulting in bruising of the brain. Can also cause tears anterior of the brain. |
|
|
The bony structures in the thorax and diaphragm |
The bones of the thorax are the thoracic vertebrae, the twelve pairs of ribs, and the sternum. Connecting the upper ten pairs of ribs to the sternum are the costal cartilages. The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process. |
|
|
Increased ICP |
level of icp. mild elevation Cheyne stokes respirations ( gradually increasing rate of respirations followed by a gradual decrease of respirations with intermittent periods of apnea) seizures, altered level of consciousness Moderate elevation Central neurogenic hyperventilation ( deep, rapid respirations, similar to kussmal but without acetone breathe oder) Marked Elevation Biot respirations ( irregular pattern, rate, depth of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea). many pt do not survive |
|
|
Floating ribs |
The eleventh and twelfth rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip. |
|
|
Pleural space issues |
PT will complain of dyspnea or chest pain on the effected side. If left untreated will have increased trouble breathing. Pulsus paradoxes ( a drop in blood pressure) will occur. Supplemental oxygen will help air with treatment of simple pneumothorax and chest seal if leak is still present. |
|
|
Pneumothorax |
An open pneumothorax is a sucking chest wound sucking air into the pleural space creating negative pressure against the lung rupturing the lung. Chest pain on one side blood pressure drop and lower pulse ox ( due to inability o expel Co2). Seal chest wound and supplemental oxygen. Monitor pt for signs of tension pneumothorax. |
|
|
Pericardial tamponade |
Fluid filling the heart sack pressing onto the heart. Signs and symptoms is muffled heart sounds, hypotension and jvd. Manage pt airway and abc. Definitive care is pericardiocentesis. |
|
|
Aortic Rupture |
Occurs in high velocity MVC with a shining twisting motion. Damages 3 layers the intima, the media, and the adventitia. If intima tear occurs it can allow blood into the media. Pain behind sternum or scapula. other is hypovolemic shock, dyspnea or altered mental status. Hornessnear if near trachea. trouble swallowing, harsh murmur sounds. Different pulse in right arm than left arm. Treatment is ABC slow IV bolus and rapid transport to the hospital. Do not use vasoactive or Vasopressor agents |
|
|
Retroperitoneal space |
The retroperitoneal space (retroperitoneum) is the anatomical space (sometimes a potential space) in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they have peritoneum on their anterior side only. |
|
|
Function description and location of pancreas |
Found in the upper left quadrant of the stomach behind stomach near the kidneys. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar. |
|
|
Function description and location of the Liver |
The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines.The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly. ... The liveralso detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines. The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions. |
|
|
Function description and location of the spleen |
The spleen is an organ in the upper far left part of the abdomen, to the left of the stomach. ... The spleenplays multiple supporting roles in the body. It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen plays multiple supporting roles in the body. It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis. |
|
|
Function description and location of the kidneys |
Kidney: One of a pair of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste products from the blood and produce urine. As blood flows through the kidneys, the kidneys filter waste products, chemicals, and unneeded water from the blood.The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the renal system. They help the body pass waste as urine. They also help filter blood before sending it back to the heart. |
|
|
Traumatic injuries blunt trauma |
Blunt trauma can often lead to closed abdominal injuries. Soft tissue is damaged inside the body by the skin remains intact. 3 common MOI for blunt trauma: Shearing, crushing and compression. Shearing: internal organs still moving forward. This causes hollow, solid, visceral and vascular structures to tear, especially at the point of attachment in the abdominal wall. Known as the third collision. Crush injuries: crushed from the abdominal wall to spinal column. Solid organs like kidney, liver and spleen are at greatest risk. Compression injury: Often from a solid object. This can deform hollow organs, increasing abdominal cavity. |
|
|
Traumatic injuries penetrating trauma |
Laceration creating open abdominal injury. GSW are more deadly due to kinetic energy, increasing the damage lateral to the track of the missile due to temporary cavitation. Most of the time GSW effect small bowel, colon, liver and vascular structures. Stab wounds usually effects the liver, small bowel, diaphragm, and colon. |
|
|
Traumatic injuries MVC |
A t bone impact a pelvis can be injured. IF vehicle spins out of control will also have a rotational force on PT. Resulting in cervical spine and abdominal visceral injuries. When seat belts are worn properly can reduce injuries. Worn improperly injuries to the pancreas, liver, spleen, small bowel and kidneys.Lumbar spine also reported |
|
|
Traumatic injuries Motorcycle crashes |
Only protection is helmet and clothes they are wearing. The helmet transmit impact to cervical spine. Transport to trauma facility for crash over 20mph or separation from motorcycle. |
|
|
Traumatic injuries falls from height. |
orientation will help determine injuries sustained and survivability. Falls greater than 10 feet of for pediatrics 3X their height. Also take note what type of surface they fell onto |
|
|
Traumatic injuries Blast injuries |
Blast will generate fragments faster than 4,500fps. Any energy will cause extensive disruptive damage to tissue. |
|
|
Assessment of abdomen. |
Moving the body or abdominal organs irritates the inflamed peritoneum causing pain. Pt usually will guard abdomen. If pt is altered consider moving pt to recovery position incase of vomiting. Internal bleeding from open or closed injuries can be profound. Trauma to the kidneys, liver and spleen causes significant internal bleeding. Asses Pulse rate, quality and rhythm. Also asses skin. This will show if the pt is in shock. When removing clothing note for any blood near vagina or anus. Abdominal pain with a MOI or flank is a good reason for rapid transport. |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of osteoporosis |
Decreased in bone density is accelerated especially once menopause is reached. Hips fractures, spine and wrist. Atrophy of muscle, cartilage and connective tissues may lead to degradation of joints |
|
|
Structures of axial skeleton |
Ossicles bone (innear ear bone), skull, Hyoid bone, rib cage, Vertebral column. |
|
|
Joints of the thorax Region |
Xiphisternal joint – xiphoid process and body of sternum. Intervertebral joints – between vertebrae. Sternochondral joints – sternum and costal cartilages. Sternoclavicular joints – manubrium and clavicles. Manubriosternal joints – manubrium and body of sternum. |
|
|
Diarthroses |
The most common type of joint is the diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint. All synovial joints are functionally classified as diarthroses. A uniaxial diarthrosis, such as the elbow, is a joint that only allows for movement within a single anatomical plane. |
|
|
Bursas |
A synovial bursa (plural bursae or bursas) is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white). It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. |
|
|
Ligament |
a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. |
|
|
Joint Capsule |
In anatomy, a joint capsule or articular capsule is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. Each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane. |
|
|
Synovial Membrane |
The synovial membrane (also known as the synovial stratum, synovium or stratum synoviale) is a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheath. |
|
|
Closed fractures and blood loss |
Increased terstitial pressure within the hematoma compresses the blood vessels, limiting the size of the hematoma. In a closed femur factor blood loss can exceed 1L before enough pressure develops to tamponade the bleeding. Deformity Shortening visual inspection, guarding, tenderness and crepitus. Blood loss from fracture Pelvis 1.5L to 3L Femur 1L to 1.5L Humerus 250-500ml Tibia or fibula 250-500ml ankle 250-500ml elbow 250-500ml Radius or ulna 150-250ml |
|
|
Issues with the foot Ligaments and dislocations |
A dislocation is a bone totally displaced from the joint. Dislocation occurs when the body part moves beyond the normal point of ROM. Decrease ROM, pain and deformity will show. Partial dislocation is subluxation. Partial joint capsule and supporting ligaments can be damaged. Lunation if full dislocation. Sometimes the joint is frozen. Will require rapid transport due to neuromuscular compromise. Asses PMS |
|
|
Issues with the foot Sprains |
Ligament is stretched or torn. Often occurs in knee or ankle. Pain, swelling and discoloration over the injured joint. Sprains do not cause deformity but mobility due to pain. |
|
|
Issues with the foot Muscle and tendon injuries |
A pulled muscle or tendon. Minor swelling is noted site of the injury. Increased pain with passive movement. |
|
|
Shivering |
Shivering (also called shuddering) is a bodily function in response to cold in humans and other warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Skeletal muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy. |
|
|
Vasoconstriction |
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles |
|
|
Thermogenesis |
the production of heat, especially in a human or animal body. |
|
|
Environmental issues with the elderly |
Perspire less, thirsty less, decreased mobility. May have chronic diseases and cannot regulate heat. May be taking diuretics. Beta blockers can lessen a response to heat stress. Decreased muscle and fat may get colder easier. |
|
|
signs symptoms and treatment for hot emergencies heat cramps |
Heart cramps are acute, involuntary, painful muscle spasms usually in the lower extremities. Signs and symptoms heat cramps are Abdominal cramps, extremities tingling, rapid heart beat, skin pale and moist, temperature normal. Treatment is drinking water slowly if able. IF unable to drink fluids IV therapy. Move to cool area and have pt snack on salty snacks to help relieve symptoms |
|
|
signs symptoms and treatment for hot emergencies heat syncope |
More common in older adults. Common when standing for long periods of time or suddenly standing from a lying position. Treatment is moving pt into a cool area and replacing fluid via IV. If syncope symptoms do not resolve consider Heat stoke, cardiac syncope, atypical with acute coronary syndrome |
|
|
signs symptoms and treatment of hot emergencies heat exhaustion |
2 types of heat exhaustion are water depletion and sodium depletion. Water depletion more common in elderly pts. Can be aggravated more depending upon medications. Sodium depletion is more common in active pts. The Pt drinks only water and does not replace the sodium loss. Exercise-Associated hyponatremia is associated with sodium depletion. Signs and symptoms are nausea vomiting, altered mental status,tachacadia, tachypnea, fast and shallow breathing, seizures coma and death may occur if not addressed. Treatment move pt to cool area, remove clothing and cool pt off. Give IV therapy. If suspected hyponatremia draw blood for sodium levels and give hypotonic fluids as per local protocol. Check temperature for CBT. |
|
|
signs symptoms and treatment for hot emergencies heat stroke |
Elevated core body temperature and altered mental status are signs showing of heat stroke. 2 types of heat stroke : classic heat stroke and Exertional heatstroke. Classic heat stroke is more common is elderly and infants. Signs and symptoms are CBT rises and body stops sweating to try to retrain fluids. Exertion heatstroke is common in active people. AS humidity rises pass 75% the body is unable to use evaporative cooling. Heat will continue to rise causing CBT to rise. signs and symptoms are change in mental status, trouble walking, Seizures and constricted pupils. CBT over 104 Fahrenheit, tachycardia, blood pressure low, dry red and hot in classic heatstroke, pale sweaty in exertion heatstroke. Treatment is move pt to cool environment, cool pt rapidly, start IV fluids, check blood glucose, monitor cardiac rhythm, be prepared to treat for anti seizure medications. |
|
|
signs symptoms and treatment for cold emergencies frostbite |
frostbite can be superficial, partial thickness and full thickness. Mild frostbite can also be called frostnip. Frostnip causes numbness but no pain. Deeper frostbite can cause the water in the skin to crystallize causing shrinkage and hyperosmolar state. Sludging and poor perfusion. Signs and symptoms are cold exposure with inadequate protection, fatigue, dehydration, hypothermia. Superficial frost bite is numbness tingling and burning. As thawing sets in the injured areas can turn purple causing gangrene within a few days. Treatment: Take pt out of cold environment, transport to the hospital, cover blisters with dry sterile dressing, administer analgesia. |
|
|
signs symptoms and treatment trench foot and chilblains |
Trench foot involves frost bite but as warm as 60 Fahrenheit. It is prolonged exposure to cool and wet conditions. Chilblains is itchy red or purple lesions of the face or extremities. Believed to happen just above freezing. Removal from environmental temperatures and rewarming. |
|
|
Hypothermia |
Elderly people who have alcoholism and had a stroke can have hypothermia is warm as 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Hypothyroidism and malnutrition can also contribute to hypothermia. Hypovolemia can also interfere causing hypothermia due to trauma. CNS trauma, shock, or burns will not be able to shiver. Mild hypothermia less than 93 degrees, moderate 86-93 and sever 86 degrees. acute hypothermia is rapid onset, subacute occurs short period and chronic hypothermia occurs over days |
|
|
mild hypothermia . |
Pt will stumble, fumbles and mumbles. In elderly Pts they will show confusion. The body with hunt the blood providing blood to its core. A decreased urine output. At 93 degrees the body will have cardiac dysrhythmias. Attempt defibrillation once. Oxygen intake will decrease by half. Shivering will create hypoglycemia. Treatment provide passive rewarming. Feeding will also help its with rewarming. |
|
|
Moderate hypothermia |
Use commercial rewarming devices to help rewarm the pt. Watch for after drop. After drop is continuing drop in CBT after being removed from cold environment. Get pt to the hospital for treatment. |
|
|
Severe hypothermia |
Severe hypothermia needs to be transported to the hospital. Nothing EMS can do that will not hurt the pt. |
|
|
hypmenoptera |
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Remove stinger if still attached on skin. Swelling will occur but monitor for anaphylaxis. Melittin causes pain. transport to the hospital is not always necessary. Remove stinger and wash with warm soapy water. If swelling doesn't go down within 24hours see primary care physician. |
|
|
Spider bites |
3 types of dangerous spiders found in America: female black widow, brown recluse and hobo spider. Female black widow spider has hour glass on her abdomen. Likes to live in sheds. Brown recluse spiders also known as fiddleback spider will only bite when when accidentally pressed against the skin. The hobo spider is and aggressive spider. Onset of the black widow spider can be 30 to 60 minutes. Local muscle spasms and diaphoreses. Loxoscelism is potentially fatal coming from a brown recluse spider. inflamed will get worse progressing to gangrenous sloughing of the skin. a day and a half later will create necrotic lesions. Treatment is monitor pain relief if needed and transported to the hospital |
|
|
lightning strikes |
The energy from a bolt of lightning may act as a giant depolarizing charge to the entire body. Can cause systole and respiratory arrest. If in cardiac arrest start cpr. Can have thermal burns or steam burns. Also have a lichtenburg figure. Electron shower over the skin and can last for a couple of days. Prevention is don't get struck by lightning. Treatment if in cardiac arrest start CPR. All pts should be transported to the hospital. |
|
|
Drowning |
respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion of a liquid. Risk factors of drowning are: length of holding breath, state of health, water temperature laryngospasm, as time goes on acute lung injury will happen. Do not put a c collar unless suspected a blunt trauma. Once pt is out of water assess using ABC. If pt is unconcious perform using CAB. Provide ventilations and CPR. Note you only have to dry chest off not whole body. Follow ACLS protocols. Do not spend significant time trying to clear the foam from the airway. Maintain positive pressure to help alveoli. |
|
|
Thompson test |
Test of the foot for rupture of the Achilles’ tendon. Squeeze calf on injured side. If the foot planterfexes it partially intact |
