Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CVD |
A group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels including: *Coronary heart disease *Stroke *Other unspecified *Hypertension *Heart failure *Arteriosclerosis |
|
|
Coronary heart disease |
- Most common form - Caused by atherosclerosis in coronary arteries - Decreased blood flow causes myocardial infarction |
|
|
Stroke |
- Decreased blood flow to the brain |
|
|
Atherosclerosis |
- Artery walls become progressively thickened due to accumulation of plaque - Occurs due to minimal but chronic injuries that damage the inner arterial wall - The coronary arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle - When the arteries become blocked the part of the muscle that the arteries supply with blood may die |
|
|
Consequences of atherosclerosis |
- Lumen narrows - Plaque can rupture forming a clot (thrombus) - Thrombus can break free and shut off blood flow (embolism) - Ischemia occurs within the tissue *in coronary arteries this causes angina pectoris and heart attack *In brain this causes stroke - Aneurysm --> Sac like distension of blood vessel wall |
|
|
Causes of atherosclerosis |
- Inflammation and infection - Shear stress and hypertension - Smoking - Diabetes mellitus - Aging - Elevated LDL and VLDL - Gender: * women > 55 |
|
|
Clinical measures for CHD risk assessment |
- Total blood cholesterol: desirable <200 - LDL cholesterol: desirable <100 - HDL cholesterol: desirable >60 - Triglycerides: desirable <150 - BMI: desirable 18.5-24.9 - Blood pressure: desirable <120/<80 |
|
|
Lifestyle changes for CHD |
- Cholesterol lowering diet (<200 mg) - Weight reduction - Regular physical activity - Decrease saturated fat <7% total kcalories - Decrease total fat to 25-35% kcal - Decrease trans fat - Decrease PUFA to 10% - Use up to 20% MUFA - Increase soluble fiber: 10-25 g/day - Plant sterols and stanols: 2 g/day - Increase fish and omega-3 fatty acids: 2-4 grams fish oil/day; moderate alcohol |
|
|
Lifestyle changes for mild hypertriglyceridemia |
- Weight reduction - Physical activity - Quit smoking - Avoid refined CHO foods - Restrict alcohol |
|
|
Lifestyle changes for severe hypertriglyceridemia |
- Weight reduction - Physical activity - Very low-fat diet <15% of kcals - Medication |
|
|
Treatment of hypertension |
- Weight reduction - Low sodium diet - Diet rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium - Regular physical activity - Moderate alcohol - Drug therapy - DASH diet *Red meats *Sweets *Sugar-containing beverages *Saturated fat to 7% *Cholesterol 150 mg/day |
|
|
Lifestyle modification for blood pressure reduction |
- Weight reduction (5-20 mm/Hg reduction) - DASH eating plan (8-14 mm/Hg reduction) - Sodium restriction (2-8 mm/Hg reduction) - Physical activity (4-9 mm/Hg reduction) - Moderate alcohol consumption (2-4 mm/Hg reduction) |
|
|
Dietary fats: Mediterranean diet, western diet, low-fat diet |
- Mediterranean *Total fat = 38% *High monounsaturated FA *Low saturated and polyunsaturated FA - Western *Total fat = 38% *High saturated FA *Lower monosaturated *lowest polyunsaturated FA - Low fat diet *Total fat = 20% *Equal saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated |
|
|
Causes of elevated triglycerides |
- Obesity and overweight - Physical inactivity - Cigarette smoking - Excess alcohol intake - High carbohydrate diets (>60% of energy intake) - Several diseases *DM *Chronic renal failure *Nephrotic syndrome - Certain drugs *Corticosteroids *Estrogens *Retinoids *Higher doses of beta-blockers -Various genetic dyslipidemias |
|
|
Epigenetics |
- both heritable changes in gene activity and expression (in the progeny of cells or of individuals) - also stable, long-term alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable - These changes can occur through molecules in the cellular environment that bind to DNA and either inhibit or allow gene expression through transcription without changing the DNA sequence of bases. |
