Cultural Anthropology 6-9

Front 1

__________ diversity is almost always associated with differential access to advantages.

Back 1

Ethnic

Front 2

__________ are things that have a value in a culture, including land, tools, and other technology, goods, and money.

Back 2

Economic resources

Front 3

Sharing is most common in __________ societies.

Back 3

egalitarian

Front 4

Socially stratified societies are those in which __________.

Back 4

certain social groups have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige

Front 5

Most societies with social ranking practice __________.

Back 5

herding or agriculture

Front 6

A form of social inequality with possibilities for social mobility is referred to as a(n) __________.

Back 6

open class system

Front 7

Before the caste system in Rwanda was overthrown, which was seen as the undesirable caste?

Back 7

Twa

Front 8

In ancient Greece, slaves were often __________.

Back 8

conquered enemies

Front 9

In the United States, laws against interracial marriage persisted until the __________.

Back 9

1960s

Front 10

In the United States, as well as most Western societies, gender is assigned at birth based on __________.

Back 10

external biological attributes

Front 11

Species in which females and males exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance are said to be __________.

Back 11

sexually dimorphic

Front 12

In which of these features are humans sexually dimorphic?

Back 12

pelvis shape

Front 13

In most societies, what is the average length of time for a mother to breast-feed her child?

Back 13

24 months

Front 14

A gender role involves __________.

Back 14

the way societies assign or divide labor by gender

Front 15

In which geographical area do women do most of the farming?

Back 15

sub-Saharan Africa

Front 16

A __________ is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige.

Back 16

class

Front 17

Among the matrilineal Iroquois society, __________.

Back 17

women seldom held political office but had a great deal of say over who the group's leaders were

Front 18

In contrast to men, women tend to devote all their earnings from economic development to __________.

Back 18

household expenditures

Front 19

Of the following theories anthropologists have proposed to explain how gender roles are divided cross-culturally, which theory says that the demands of pregnancy and nursing limit women to performing tasks close to home, like cooking and gathering wild plants?

Back 19

compatibility-with-child-care

Front 20

Why do anthropologists hold that families are universal?

Back 20

All societies have parent-child groups.

Front 21

In which society did people not marry, but rather lived their whole lives in a residential group made up of maternal kin?

Back 21

Na

Front 22

Children of a Nandi female-female marriage will name __________ as their father.

Back 22

the woman who has the role of husband

Front 23

In the United States, what proportion of women under the age of 45 report living together while unmarried?

Back 23

more than half

Front 24

Which of the following is the most common economic marriage transaction cross-culturally?

Back 24

bride price

Front 25

Anthropologists have determined that the percentage of societies known to include one or more explicit economic transactions either before or after a marriage occurs at which of the following rates?

Back 25

about 75 percent

Front 26

Bride price is associated with __________.

Back 26

relatively low status of women

Front 27

In some societies, bride __________ can be substituted for the bride price.

Back 27

service

Front 28

A dowry is a transfer of goods from __________ to the bride, the groom, or the couple.

Back 28

the bride's family

Front 29

The incest taboo is found in __________ known societies.

Back 29

all

Front 30

Ethnographic data provide the most support for which theory on the incest taboo?

Back 30

inbreeding theory

Front 31

In which group were incestuous marriages permitted?

Back 31

the ancient Egyptian royal families

Front 32

In which group is parallel cousin marriage preferable to cross-cousin marriage?

Back 32

Muslim societies

Front 33

Cousin marriage is most common in __________.

Back 33

large and densely populated societies

Front 34

Which of the following is a custom whereby a woman is obliged to marry her deceased sister's husband?

Back 34

sororate

Front 35

Some polygynous societies try to reduce competition by practicing sororal polygyny, which is when the co-wives are __________.

Back 35

sisters

Front 36

A __________ is a social and economic unit consisting minimally of one or more parents (or parent substitute) and their children.

Back 36

family

Front 37

Same-sex marriages are __________.

Front 38

Societies that practice dowry tend to be those in which __________.

Back 38

women contribute little to primary subsistence

Front 39

Societies that have rules of endogamy say that you should marry __________.

Back 39

from within your class, religious, or ethnic group

Front 40

How common is the neolocal residence pattern practiced by most North Americans?

Back 40

It is very rare, being seen in only about 5 percent of known societies.

Front 41

In a patrilocal residence, who leaves the household so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents?

Back 41

daughter

Front 42

If a couple lives near the kin of a spouse, they create an __________ family household.

Back 42

independent

Front 43

Which form of marital residence pattern is defined by newly married couples starting their own household apart from the relatives of both spouses and is most common in industrialized countries with commercial economies?

Back 43

neolocal

Front 44

Which type of affiliation with kin is based on rules of descent?

Back 44

unilineal descent

Front 45

Kinship reckoning in bilateral societies can be best described as __________.

Back 45

horizontal

Front 46

In societies with unilineal descent, __________.

Back 46

some very close biological relatives are excluded from one's kin group

Front 47

How are members of a lineage connected?

Back 47

hey can trace descent from a common ancestor through known links.

Front 48

Many anthropologists suggest that neolocal residence is related to the presence of __________.

Back 48

a commercial economy

Front 49

In societies that practice matrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent group as his __________.

Back 49

sister's son

Front 50

Associations are different types of groups based on __________.

Back 50

neither kinship nor territory

Front 51

A variably ascribed quality is one that __________.

Back 51

is found only in some societies

Front 52

A group of people who move through all of life's stages together is known as an __________.

Back 52

age-set

Front 53

Secret associations such as in Africa __________.

Back 53

are common in many areas of the world

Front 54

What forms the basis of organization and administration of most noncommercial societies?

Back 54

kinship

Front 55

Which associations are likely to have dramatic initiation ceremonies?

Back 55

both age-set and unisex associations

Front 56

The primary objective of the "friendly societies" formed by the wives of Kru migrants in Freetown, Sierra Leone, is __________.

Back 56

providing mutual aid to members

Front 57

What keeps members contributing to a rotating credit association?

Back 57

There is strong social pressure to keep paying regularly.

Front 58

What is the primary exception to the rule that, in American society, membership in an association is voluntary?

Back 58

military draft

Front 59

In what way does an urban street gang differ from an age-set association?

Back 59

Street gang members do not "graduate" through stages together.

Front 60

In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.

Back 60

the resolution of disputes

Front 61

__________ societies have political activities and beliefs to create and maintain social order.

Back 61

All

Front 62

In discussing political groups, anthropologists generally focus on groups organized on the basis of __________.

Back 62

territory

Front 63

Among the Inuit, __________.

Back 63

women who hunt have more influence than other women

Front 64

Which of the following is a common role of chiefs?

Back 64

redistributing goods

Front 65

In the United States, what factor was considered to make a political candidate look more competent, after controlling for age and attractiveness?

Back 65

a bigger chin

Front 66

A set of explicit, usually written rules stipulating what is permissive and what is not is a(n) __________.

Back 66

codified law

Front 67

Foragers are particularly likely to make use of __________, a peaceful conflict resolution technique in which the two parties in a dispute are voluntarily separated until emotions cool down.

Back 67

avoidance

Front 68

A(n) __________ is a means used to determine guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under supernatural control.

Back 68

ordeal

Front 69

In the United States, leaders are generally __________.

Back 69

wealthier than other citizens

Front 70

Magic may involve manipulation of the supernatural for __________.

Back 70

good or evil

Front 71

How does one become a shaman?

Back 71

by training under a master shaman

Front 72

In nearly all cultures that believe in gods, the gods are believed to have __________.

Back 72

created themselves

Front 73

Monotheistic religions generally have beliefs in __________.

Back 73

a supreme supernatural being together with lower-ranked supernatural beings

Front 74

One explanation of the witchcraft phenomenon in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 was that __________.

Back 74

political and economic turmoil led to fear and a search for scapegoats

Front 75

Which concept in our own society is most similar to the idea of mana?

Back 75

luck

Front 76

In which type of society are the gods most likely to take an active interest in the moral behavior of humans?

Back 76

a society with considerable wealth inequality

Front 77

Many anthropologists believe that religions are adaptive because they reduce the anxieties and uncertainties that afflict all peoples. With which scholar does this perspective best align?

Back 77

Bronislaw Malinowski

Front 78

How do morality-based religions and collective rituals influence a society?

Back 78

They increase compassion and acts of kindness among kin groups.

Front 79

With what features are human sacrifices best associated?

Back 79

full-time craft specialists, slavery, and the corvée