Cto - Hematopoiesis

Front 1

where are pluripotent stem cells found predominantly?

Back 1

bone marrow

Front 2

are stem cells self-renewing or not?

Back 2

yes

Front 3

which are the two lines of differentiation that multipotential cells can take?

Back 3

lymphoid and myeloid

Front 4

do progenitor cells have more of fewer differentiation options than pluripotent stem cells?

Back 4

fewer

Front 5

which cells do progenitor cells give rise to?

Back 5

blast cells

Front 6

for what does CFU stand? To what does this refer?

Back 6

colony forming units; early cells (blasts, progenitors, pluripotent stem cells)

Front 7

by which 2 types of molecules is hematopoiesis regulated?

Back 7

cytokines and growth factors

Front 8

what is the role of erythropoietin in the body? Where is it produced?

Back 8

stimulates RBC development; kidney and other places

Front 9

what is the role of G-CSF in the body?

Back 9

stimulates granulocyte and macrophage development

Front 10

where is the original site of hematopoiesis in the foetus?

Back 10

yolk sac

Front 11

following the yolk sac, where does hematpoiesis take place in the foetus?

Back 11

liver then spleen

Front 12

what is another name for hematopoiesis in the bone marrow? What happens when there is a hematopoietic crisis?

Back 12

medullary hematopoiesis; extramedullary hematopoiesis may be seen in liver or spleen (like in foetus)

Front 13

what does a bone marrow biopsy allow one to study under a microscope?

Back 13

architecture and cellularity

Front 14

what does a bone marrow smear allow one to study under a microscope?

Back 14

cytology

Front 15

what is the most common location of marrow smear or biopsy tapping?

Back 15

iliac crest

Front 16

what is the cellularity of the bone marrow?

Back 16

percentage of marrow occupied by hematopoietic cells

Front 17

does the cellularity of bone marrow in a human increase or decrease with increasing age?

Back 17

decrease

Front 18

what is the type of marrow that predominates in children? In adults?

Back 18

red marrow; yellow marrow

Front 19

what are the 3 components of the hematopoietic compartment of the marrow?

Back 19

developing blood cells, stromal cells, reticular-type connective tissue

Front 20

what are the names for the two compartments of marrow?

Back 20

hematopoietic and vascular

Front 21

in marrow, developing red cells are found in what formation? In these formations, they normally surround which type of cell?

Back 21

erythroid islands; macrophage

Front 22

are erythroid islands normally located near or far from marrow sinusoids? Why?

Back 22

near; the cells are not motile and want to enter blood stream

Front 23

are developing leukocytes located near to or far from marrow sinusoids? Why?

Back 23

far; because they are motile cells

Front 24

are megakaryocytes found near to or far from the marrow sinusoids?

Back 24

near to

Front 25

what is the product of broken off megakaryocyte cytoplasm?

Back 25

platelets

Front 26

what is the name for the development of red blood cells?

Back 26

erythropoiesis

Front 27

which 4 events characterize the differentiation from proerythroblast to mature erythrocyte?

Back 27

decrease in size of cell, gradual condensation of nucleus, extrusion of nucleus, increase in cytoplasmic eosinphilia

Front 28

whar are the 6 cells in the erythrocyte pathway?

Back 28

proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatophilic erythroblast, reticulocytes, and erythrocytes

Front 29

what is the term used to refer to the development of granulocytes? How long does this take?

Back 29

granulopoiesis; 14 days

Front 30

what characterizes the progression from myeloblast to promyelocyte?

Back 30

appearance of primary, azurophilic granules

Front 31

what characterizes the progression from promyelocyte to myelocyte?

Back 31

appearance of secondary, specific granules

Front 32

what is the progression of granulopoiesis in the body?

Back 32

myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, segmented granulocyte

Front 33

of what is the appearance of immature granulocytes in the blood stream indicative? What is this called?

Back 33

disease state; shift to the left

Front 34

does the megakaryocyte have a mono-, bi-, or multi-lobed nucleus?

Back 34

multilobed

Front 35

how do megakaryocytes grow so large?

Back 35

they undergo DNA replication but never split

Front 36

what is the name for the divisions in the megakaryocyte which permit the fragmentation of platelets from the body directly into the marrow sinusoids?

Back 36

demarcation membranes

Front 37

in healthy marrow, are earlier stages or differentiated forms more prevalent?

Back 37

differentiated

Front 38

in healthy marrow, what is the ratio of myeloid elements to erythroid elements? What is the name for this ratio?

Back 38

3:1; M-E ratio

Front 39

changes in the M-E ratio can be indicative of what?

Back 39

myeloid disease

Front 40

all blood cells are derived from how many pluripotent stem cells?

Back 40

one

Front 41

what are the two types of stem cells?

Back 41

pluripotent and multipotent

Front 42

what is the name for the cells which become the myeloid and lymphoid lineages?

Back 42

multipotent stem cells

Front 43

are blast cells mitotically active? Are they self-renewing?

Back 43

yes; no

Front 44

do mature cells have mitotic activity?

Back 44

no

Front 45

what is the role of IL-3 in the differentiation of stem cells?

Back 45

stimulates production of all myeloid cells

Front 46

what is the role of thrombopoietin in the differentiation of stem cells?

Back 46

stimulates production of platelets

Front 47

what are the 3 sites of the majority of hematopoiesis?

Back 47

ribs, pelvis, vertebrae

Front 48

in which, a bone marrow biopsy or a smear, can you see trabecular bone?

Back 48

biopsy

Front 49

does the amount of fat in marrow increase or decrease with increasing age?

Back 49

increase

Front 50

can white marrow switch back to red marrow?

Back 50

yes, in times of need

Front 51

what is the problem in aplastic anemia?

Back 51

the body does not make enough erythrocytes

Front 52

from which arteries does the marrow blood supply come?

Back 52

nutrient and periosteal

Front 53

why are adventitial cells found near the marrow sinusoids?

Back 53

because they help to decide which molecules enter the sinusoids

Front 54

how do RBCs and megakaryocytes enter marrow sinusoids?

Back 54

they fuse their PM with that of the endothelium and create a transient pore through which they crawl

Front 55

which cells in the marrow are the major storage sites of heme and iron? Why?

Back 55

macrophages; they digest dead RBCs and recycle the heme and iron to give to erythrocyes - erythroblastic island

Front 56

how long does it take an RBC to develop?

Back 56

7 days

Front 57

what happens to color of cytoplasm as erythrocyte develops?

Back 57

it turns from blue to pinkish-red

Front 58

In Wright's stain, do nucleoli stain dark or light?

Back 58

light

Front 59

do basophilic erythroblasts have nucleoli? Are they smaller or larger than proerythroblasts?

Back 59

no; smaller

Front 60

what is the term used to describe the nucleus of the polychomatophilic erythroblast?

Back 60

checkerboard

Front 61

in which erythrocytes precursor is the nucleus extruded?

Back 61

orthochromatophilic erythroblast

Front 62

what is the biggest difference between a myeloblast and a promyelocyte?

Back 62

presence of azurophilic granules in promyelocyte

Front 63

between which two granulocyte precursors is the nucleolus lost?

Back 63

promyelocyte and neutrophilic myelocyte

Front 64

in which neutrophil precursor is the nucleus dented?

Back 64

neutrophilic metamyelocyte

Front 65

what is the name of the neutrophil precursor that has a horseshoe nucleus?

Back 65

band cell

Front 66

what characterizes the nucleus of the neutrophil?

Back 66

segmented nucleus (multiple lobes)

Front 67

how many lobes does the nucleus of a megakaryoblast have?

Back 67

none