Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Secularization Theory (ch. 12) |
Taking religion out of something. The theory that religion is on the decline and that people around the world are discovering new secular and rational ways to make sense of their lives. Not universal. |
|
|
Has religiosity increased or decreased in the US? |
Many signs that it has increased over the past decades in the US. 94% of Americans report believing in God. |
|
|
Who created the most influential model of moral reasoning in Psychology? |
Lawrence Kohlberg |
|
|
What did Kohlberg believe? |
He believed that cognitive abilities underlie moral reasoning and these abilities progress as individuals develop, mature and are educated. The way people conceive right vs. wrong hinges on their stage of moral development. |
|
|
What are the 3-levels of Kohlberg's moral development? |
1. Pre-conventional 2. Conventional 3. Post conventional |
|
|
What is the Pre conventional level of moral development? |
Lowest level. Individuals understand cultural rules of what is good or bad. Stay out of trouble is ultimate goal. Avoid punishment, look out for self, and moral reasoning is based on direct consequences to the self. No personal code of ethics. |
|
|
What is the conventional level of moral development?
|
Second level. People identify with a particular group and show loyalty. The social order of the group is maintained and supported. Actions are seen as morally wrong if they involve in violating any rules or las that the social order has maintained. This level dictates that morality if about following the rules and you shouldn't question where the rules come from. He shouldn't steal bc it's breaking the law. |
|
|
Postconventional level of moral reasoning |
Moral values and principles are seen to exist separately from the authority of the social groups that hold them. Post-conventional moral reasoning is based on the consideration of abstract ethical principles of what is right and wrong. Good behavior is seen as that which is consistent with a set of universal ethical principles that emphasize justice and individual rights. You've developed your own moral code. You know what's right and wrong. |
|
|
Which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning was not seen universally? |
Postconventional |
|
|
What are the two interpretations of Kohlberg's findings that postconventional level isn't universal? |
No one from traditional tribes or villages reason at this level. Why? 1. education system in west allows for people to reach third level. 2. cultures encounter different challenges and moral systems develop in response to particular environments. |
|
|
Ethic of Autonomy |
This ethic view morality in terms of individual freedom and rights violations. Emphasizes personal choice, the right to engage in free contracts and individual liberty. It's when it directly hurts another person or infringes on another's rights and freedoms as an individual. Ex. stealing someone's lunch money, bc it causes harm to that person |
|
|
Ethic of Community |
Emphasizes that individuals have duties that conform with their roles in a community or social hierarchy. For ex: an immoral action would be a son's failure to attend his parents' wedding anniversary celebration because he doesn't feel like it. Morality is tied to an individual's interpersonal obligation within social order. Concerned with whether someone betrayed their group or failed to fulfilled the duties of their role. Women tend to engage more in this type of reasoning. |
|
|
Ethic of divinity |
Concerned with sanctity and the perceived "natural order" of things. This code contains the ethical principle that one is obligated to preserve the standards mandated by a transcendent authority. |
|
|
Who is Ferdinand Tonnies? |
He was a 19th century sociologist who argued that there are two means by which individuals can relate to each other in a group (Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft) |
|
|
Gemeinschaft |
Loosely translates as "community". The moral obligation to one's relationship. Within these groups interpersonal relationships play an especially important role. People feel connected to others bc they feel a unity of spirit. These relationships are central to an individual's identity and they reflect an understanding of the self that is consistent with an interdependent self. Gemeinschaft groups suggest that obligations associated with one's relationships would take on the weight of full moral obligations. Seen more in rural societies. |
|
|
Gesellschaft |
Literally means "association" or "society". More characteristic of Western societies. Treat relationships as instrumental and a means to an end. Focus of group is on autonomous individuals who are bound to one another through social convention. Relatively impersonal and somewhat contractual. Paying a kid to do chores. |
|
|
Good example of a Gemeinschaft group |
The Nuclear Family. Seems unfamily-like for families to create contractual agreements regarding who will do the dishes, or to give each family member equal rights and power over all family decisions. |
|
|
Orthodox |
Religious adherents who are orthodox are committed to the idea of a transcendent authority. Ethic of divinity. Authority created a moral code for us and it doesn't change regardless of changes in time or society. |
|
|
Progressive |
Adherents of progressive religions emphasize the importance of human agency in understanding and formulating a moral code. -Believe in transcendental authority but humans play integral role -Moral codes adapt to societal changes > ethic of autonomy (justice and fairness may not apply anymore and we need to accommodate for that) |
|
|
Who created the three ethics of morality? |
Schweder |
|
|
What ethic code do orthodox baptists mostly follow? |
Ethic of divinity |
|
|
What ethic code do progressivist Baptists reflect mostly? |
Ethic of community & autonomy |
|
|
What expanded on Shweder's three ethics? |
Haidt and Graham |
|
|
Haidt & Graham |
Identified five moral intuitions that guide people's moral reasoning. |
|
|
What did Haidt & Graham add to the ethic of autonomy? |
He added avoid harm and to protect fairness. People are sensitive to any behaviors tht cause harm to others and they attend closely to whether resources or rights are distributed in a fair way. |
|
|
What did Haidt & Graham add to the ethic of community? |
They added that people are motivated to be loyal to their in-groups, identifying with them and making sacrifices for them. Also that people tend to respect hierarchy, admiring their superiors and believing that subordinated need to act in accordance with the wishes of authority figures. |
|
|
What did Haidt & Graham add to the ethic of divinity? |
People are motivated to achieve purity and are disgusted at behaviors ruled by the carnal passions. |
|
|
Principle of need |
Dictates that resources are directed toward those who need them the most. |
|
|
Principle of equality |
Resources are shared equally among the members of a group. |
|
|
Principle of equity |
Resources are distributed based on an individual's contribution. |
|
|
Meritocracy |
A system that rewards individuals on the basis of the equity principle. Meritocracies tend to be more common in individualistic societies. |
|
|
How do Indians and Americans differ in beliefs about the division of resources? |
American's believe more in an equity system and Indian's believe more into a principle of need. |
|
|
Dictator game |
A game: if you're given $100 would you split it with stranger paired with? Economists translated their "nonrational" ways of splitting it 50/50 as humans must have an internalized motivation for fairness that guides their decisions. Conclusion only in WEIRD samples. Researchers delved in and found that in cultures where market integration and religion are vast, there is a higher prediction for larger offers. Two variables predicted which societies made larger offers (more fair) : market integration and religion. If they've dealt with markets their motivations for fairness is stronger. Religions offer moral guidance so they play more fairly. |
|
|
Public goods game |
Created by Fehr and Gachter. Found that teams didn't contribute all that much money and their contributions got smaller and smaller after each round. Whole group benefits the most when everyone contributes, but incentive to free ride is great. |
|
|
Altruistic punishment |
Key factor in the public goods game, and life in general. By feeling motivated to punish those who weren't cooperation, people were able to ensure that group members didn't free-ride, which allowed humans to develop norms for cooperation, and for large societies to flourish. |
|
|
Antisocial punishment |
People sometimes paid their own money to punish another player, even if that player was cooperating. The motivations for this antisocial punishment seemed to be largely a function of revenge, in which people would punish a player who had punished them on a previous round. We see this mostly in Russia, Saudia Arabia, Greece and Oman. |
|
|
Jetinho |
A sociocultural strategy in Brazil by which people manipulate or dodge the official rules to achieve things. |
|
|
What ethical code do high-socioeconomic Westerners based their moral judgments on? |
Ethic of Autonomy |
|
|
What ethic do Indians typically follow most? |
The ethic of community. In India, interdependent concerns are more important, and people are more likely to make moral judgments based on the ethic of community. |
|
|
Key reasons for obesity |
-Greater reliance on high calorie foods, larger portion sizes, less active lifestyles and more sedentary activities, more suburban lifestyle that requires less exercise |
|
|
US is about _____ times more obese than France. |
five |
|
|
French Paradox |
French have a greater prevalence of fat in much of their food, but they tend to have a longer lifespan, are thinner and have lower heart disease rates than Americans. The combination of diet rich in fats yet lower rats of heart disease has puzzle researchers for decades. Obesity rate 1/5 of US. |
|
|
Explanation of the French paradox |
1. The french drink more wine- serves to inhibit platelet reactivity and reduces risk of heart disease 2. The French eat much fewer calories per day than Americans, much smaller portion sizes and a different attitude toward food. |
|
|
Portion sizes in France |
Yogurt containers in the US are about 80% bigger than in France. Also fruit, chocolate bars, soft drinks and food served at McDonald's. US contains 70% more fries than an order in France. |
|
|
French attitude toward food |
1. French view eating as leisurely and an enjoyable activity 2. French spend more time eating than American's. 3. People are expected to savor their food in France |
|
|
US attitude toward food |
1. Americans make more effort to consume product that appear to have been altered to make them healthier (less fat, salt, sugar) 2. Women correlate the word "food" with "fattening". 3. 14% of American women revealed feeling too embarrassed to ever buy a chocolate bar |
|
|
What determines height? |
1. Genes (key role in explaining individual differences in height w/ a particular culture) however less useful explaining differences between cultures across historical periods. 2. Dutch men today ave. 6'1" vs. Americans 5'10" 3. 1865: Dutch men 5'5" vs. American 5'8" 4. Netherlands were going through an economic slump. 5. Americans had wealth and height, so a healthier diet. Dairy in particular has been linked. Meat, cheese, lots of milk. |
|
|
South Koreans vs. North Koreans in height |
South Korean children are about 5" taller than NK's. NK = communist, much more impoverished. SK = really good diet |
|
|
Americans height today |
Americans stopped growing taller. Much of the world has continued to grow as their incomes improved. Most other industrialized countries, except US, people tend to be taller than their parents. Theory: eating habits of American teenagers, including fast food, deprive them of crucial growth related nutrients. Also a larger size of poor people not getting appropriate diets pulling down national average. Remains a puzzle. |
|
|
Two sleeps |
Sleep is separated into two distinct periods. Before electric lighting, people would go to bed sometime after sunset. Wake up int he middle of the night for an hour or so and then return to sleep later. Seen today in subsistence societies. Where people wake up in middle of night, eat a snack, tend to fire, play music or have sex. |
|
|
Research findings for two sleeps |
Found that American adults are kept in a dark room for 14 hours each day they will revert to a pattern of two sleeps separated by a period of increasing wakefulness in the middle of the night. |
|
|
Japanese toddlers |
Sleep 1.5 hours less than North American infants. In general, infants from Asian countries were found to sleep much less than infants from Western countries. |
|
|
Dutch infants sleep |
They sleep 1.3 hours more than American infants. Indicated that people in countries that occupy the extreme ends of this distribution have pronounced differences in the amount that they sleep. |
|
|
Researchers had Japanese, European-Canadian and Asian Canadian students wear a watch that measured biometrics of their sleep |
1. Japanese students slept 1.2 hours less than the two Canadian samples 2. Asian-Canadian slept similar to European-Canadian, suggesting sleep is affected by more local cultural norms than their heritage. 3. Canadians also reported more strongly that they believed health was dependent on getting a sufficient amount of sleep |
|
|
Study that examined civil servants in England across a 10-year period and life expectancy |
1. Civil servants belonged to 1 of 4 hierarchically ranked employment categories 2. Members of the executive class were 60% more likely to die over the 10 year period 3. Clerical staff 120% 4. Unskilled laborers were 170% more likely to die 5. Those with highest SES tended to live the longest |
|
|
Mortality rate for Americans of varying income levels |
1. SES has a very strong relation with health outcomes 2. With almost every increase in income, mortality rates are lower |
|
|
Reasons for shorter life expectancy among lower SES? |
1. Availability of food 2. Jobs that place them in hazardous situations (poisonous toxins, vulnerable to workplace accidents). 3. lower SES groups more likely to smoke and eat a poorer diet and less exercise 4. New research has pointed out that personality characteristics like hostility and pessimism are associated with illness |
|
|
Poverty leads people to... |
Become more risk adverse and focus on near future which interferes with people long-term plans to improve their situation. Poverty causes stress, preoccupied with difficult tradeoffs that they must manage while they juggle expenses and cope with a sporadic and limited income |
|
|
Sugar cane farmers in Southern Indian |
Seasonal income. Before harvest they struggle to make ends meet. Right after harvest they have sufficient finances again. Farmers scored higher on cognitive tests after harvest than before. |
|
|
Rates of obesity |
US 37.7% adults and 17.2% children teens Japan least obese |
|
|
A key psychological variable involved in mediating the role between SES and health outcomes is ______________. |
Stress. Chronic stress increases risk for illness. Chronically stressed people are more likely to smoke and drink in order to cope. |
|
|
Sense of control |
Higher risk of heart disease. Low levels of control are associated with poor physical functioning and an increased likelihood of illness. |
|
|
Study that illustrates control and health in nursing home |
Residents of a nursing home divided into two conditions. 1. those in one condition allowed them to have control over a number of minor life events (when a plant should be watered, deciding when visitors would come, etc.) 2. condition two didn't receive any control intervention Those with more control ended up requiring fewer medications and rated as being healthier and on average lived longer than the no-intervention group. |
|
|
Study that illustrates control with low SES |
Those with lower SES who felt they had much control in their lives had levels of health and well-being that were comparable with those in higher income groups. |
|
|
Relative deprivation |
Feeling poor can matter as much as being poor. Knowing that others are doing better than you might lead to stress and is associated with negative health consequences. |
|
|
Kerala Indians vs. African Americans in the US |
Karala outlive AA's by a substantial degree. Karalians are poor in absolute terms but they likely feel less poor because nearly everyone around them is poor. AA's often earn an income that is not poor by international standards however they are poor compared to fellow Americans and their health suffers accordingly. |
|
|
African American death rates in the US |
Looking at 15 leading causes of death in the US, African Americans have higher death rates than that of European Americans for 12 of them. On average, AA's tend to have much lower SES than Euro Americans. When SES is equal or similar to Euro Americans, health problems are more pronounced for AA's. Infant mortality rates are double that of EA's. |
|
|
Hypertension rates for African american men with college degrees |
Hypertension rates are higher than men with less education. Being AA in the US means discrimination and experienced racism that leads to the stress causing hypertension. Perception of discrimination and higher SES are positively correlated. |
|
|
Latinos the US |
Latinos tend to have lower mortality rates for 10 of the 15 leading causes of death. Puzzling because Latinos tend to be of lower SES than EA's and should expect to suffer worse health outcomes. |
|
|
Epidemiological Paradox |
Latinos have lower mortality rates than European Americans for 10 of 15 causes of death Why? Unsupported. Healthy migrant hypothesis, salmon bias. Drinking and smoking less. More social support from large communities. High level of positive affect. |
|
|
Salmon Bias |
Many Latino immigrants return to their home countries when they are old or ill, and thus their deaths are not included in the U.S. data |
|
|
Healthy migrant hypothesis |
Proposes that only the healthiest Latinos were able to endure and survive the often taxing and potentially dangerous move to the US |
|
|
Why do Latinos have unexpected health benefits? |
Engage in more healthful behaviors than non-Latinos. Latinos tend to be less likely to drink than non-Latinos). The longer they live in the US the more they engage in unhealthy behaviors (drinking, smoking). Cultural factors are more pronounced among Latinos, like a high value placed on child-bearing and emotional support provided by community. Culturally they're nice and kind. |
|
|
French metaphor for health and medicine |
Metaphor of the body = "terrain" which means constitution and resistence. A balance is key to health. Balance stimulated immune system. Long rests and spa visits are viewed as important. Hospital stays are longer in France than America. Encounter more dirt and germs as beneficial. Something that can strengthen terrain. French medical opinions say to shower less and that body secretions offer a layer of protection so it's unhealthy to bathe. Doctors also prescribe vitamins. |
|
|
American metaphor for health and medicine |
American doctors use the metaphor that the body is like a machine that needs to be tended to regularly to make sure its running well. Surgical procedures are used far more in the US than in other countries. It is rare for American doctors to prescribe rest as curative agents. American doctors look for external casues like viruses or bacteria instead of looking at the body. |
|
|
Examples of how culture effects health |
People whose ancestors were cattle farmers for many generations being more likely to have lactose persistence. Moken's learning how to focus their eyes underwater. Wearing shoes changes the shape of one's foot and body weight and height are related to certain dietary habits. |
|
|
What is a psychological disorder? |
A rare behavior that impairs the individual in some way |
|
|
Cultural bound syndromes |
Disorder greatly influenced by cultural factors (not universals, occur far less frequently in some cultural contexts) |
|
|
Hikikomori |
Patient drops out from social word, barricading his or herself in room for years. Criteria: 6 months but can go for decades. Stop going to school and work. Seen heavily in Japan. Cause: may be failure to succeed in social world. Tends to happen before 20. Could be stemmed from bullying. Approx. 1 child per classroom is afflicted. Seen heavily in Japan. |
|
|
Therapeutic intervention for Hikikomori |
Rental sister. Acts as a surrogate sibling with goal of eventually the client will come out of the room and join society. |
|
|
Eating disorders |
Anorexia & Bulimia Seen heavily in the west. Can be seen in children as young as nine. |
|
|
Bulimia Nervosa |
Recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binge eating. Defined as eating a lot more in a time than someone without binging wouldn't eat. Can't stop themself. Compensatory behavior: self-induced vomiting and exercise. Criteria: at least 1 episode/wk for a minimum of 3 months. Doesn't happen in cultures where there isn't abundant amounts of food. Most prevalent where our movies and advertisements are going. |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa |
Refusal to maintain a minimum amount of weight to be healthy. extreme weight loss, extreme fear of weight gain, self-evaluation: body weight/shape. Relentless pursuit to be thin. Degree to denial: they may say things like i know that i'm too thin but they don't actually see the degree of how little they are. |
|
|
Evidence of universality in anorexia |
Reports of self-starvation in numerous cultural contexts. Spiritual or religious reasons, its not due to body image. |
|
|
Koro |
Fear of penis or nipples retracting into the body. Much more common in men. Believed to have harmful consequences including death (tremendous anxiety). Primarily found in South and East Asia but american men have reported symptoms while smoking marijuana. |
|
|
Amok |
Acute outburst of unrestrained violence, associated with (indiscriminate) homicidal attacks. Followed by amnesia and exhaustion. Most common in South East Asia. May result from having no acceptable means to express their frustration. Most who run amok end up killed or committing suicide. |
|
|
Frigophobia |
Fear of being cold or dying from coldness. Mostly found in China. Avoid cold air, eating cold food and wearing several layers of clothing. |
|
|
Latah |
A transient disassociated state brought on by a startling event (trauma). Culturally inappropriate behavior and amnesia. Mostly seen in Southeast Asian cultures, also Siberia and among the Ainu in Japan. |
|
|
Universal Syndromes |
Highlight the biological bases of these psychopathologies but the prevalence and manifestation of these syndromes differ dramatically. |
|
|
Major depressive disorder (DSM-5) |
Must have 5 symptoms at least 2 weeks long. 1. Depressed mood 2. Inability to feel pleasure 3. Change in weight or appetite 4. Sleep problems 5. Psychomotor change 6. Fatigue or loss of energy 7. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt 8. Poor concentration or indecisiveness 9. Suicidality |
|
|
Depression in US vs. China |
Depression is 5x more prevalent in US than China Could be due to different manifestations China > Somatization (symptoms occur in body) US > Psychological (symptoms occur in mind) |
|
|
Neurasthenia |
Poor appetite, headaches, insomnia, inability to concentrate. Dropped from DSm because symptoms were more physiological. Some argue that Chinese neurasthenia actually qualifies for depression |
|
|
Suicide |
10th leading cause of death in US. World wide on of the top leading causes of death. US: stressful life events, feeling hopeless, substance use. Some cultures have altruistic suicides- compensate for family shame. Cultures with very low rates: Ghana, Yemen and Egypt. |
|
|
Schizophrenia |
One of the most prevelant disorders To receive diagnosis: one must have two or more of the following smpytoms by 1 from A-C A. Delusions B. Hallucinations C. Disorganized speech D. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior E. Negative symptoms (flattening of mood or a loss of speech) |
|
|
Schizophrenia in less developed societes |
Schizophrenia was better for patients in less developed societies than more industrially advanced ones. 1. People in less developed societies tend to have a more fatalistic attitude and less of a primary sense of control. Patients more likely to remain members of a community rather than becoming homeless. Hallucinations are more common in less developed societies. |
|
|
Psychological treatment differences of Europeans from East Asians or Euro Americans? |
Euro-Americans are more likely to seek social support from others, such as tell a friend about their problems. East Asians are more concerns about how seeking social support will disrupt their relationships with others. Treatment can go back to Freud in Western Europe. Proposed that psychological experience is rooted in fears that exist at unconscious level. Modern treatments understand the individual and aids the client in his or her self-discovery and his or her cognitive behaviors. |
|
|
Two broad categories of treatment seen in non-western societies |
1. Seek help from the extended family and from the community 2. Spiritualism and religion - traditional healers, such as shamans and sorcerers. Look at relationship with Gods. |
|
|
Morita Therapy |
Japanese psychotherapy. Reflecting desire for secondary control and to accept the circumstances in their lives. Goal to not change symptom but the person's perspective on the symptom. Involves activities such as periods of isolated bed rest, light manual activities, heavy manual labor, meditation, etc. People are cured when they learn to live productively with their symptoms. |
|
|
Niakan Therapy |
A therapy in Japan that provides clients with insight into their past. Encourages clients to appreciate how indebted they are to the kindness of significant others. Also used to treat people struggling with addiction, depression, and especially sociopathy. Self-reflect on close relationships. Goal: have clients reinterpret t heir past, which they recognized cannot be changed. But when you look at the past with gratitude it helps restructure meaning to their life. |
