Critical Thinking Chapter 5

Front 1

What are the two broad categories of fallacies?

Back 1

1, those that have irrelevant premises
2. those that have unacceptable premises

Front 2

What is the genetic fallacy?

Back 2

arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin

Front 3

Can the origin of a claim ever be relevant to deciding its truth or falsity?

Back 3

In most cases, the source of an idea is irrelevant in its truth.

Front 4

What is the fallacy of composition?

Back 4

The fallacy of composition is arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole.

Front 5

What are the two forms of the fallacy of division?

Back 5

1.arguing that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts
2. when we assume that what is true of a group is true of individuals in the group

Front 6

Why are appeals to the person fallacious?

Back 6

rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself.

Front 7

What type of ad hominem arguments is put forth as a charge of hypcrispy?

Back 7

tu quoque

Front 8

What is the fallacy of poisoning the well?

Back 8

X has no regard for the truth or has nonrational motives for espousing a claim, so nothing X says should be believed, including the claim in question.

Front 9

What is the fallacy of equivocation?

Back 9

the use of a word in two different senses in an argument.

Front 10

Why are appeals to popularity fallacious?

Back 10

They are fallacious because they assume that a proposition is true merely because a great number of people believed it, but as far as the truth of a claim is concerned, what many people believe is irrelevant.

Front 11

What is the appeal to tradition?

Back 11

is arguing the claim must be true just because it's part of a tradition.

Front 12

What are the two forms of the appeal to ignorance?

Back 12

1. A lack of evidence alone can neither prove or disprove a proposition
2. A lack of evidence simply reveals our ignorance about something.

Front 13

What is the proper response to an appeal to ignorance?

Back 13

X

Front 14

What is rhetoric?

Back 14

the use of non-argumentative, emotional words and phrases to persuade or influence an audience.

Front 15

Is it ever legitimate to use rhetoric and argument together?

Back 15

yes

Front 16

What is the fallacy of red herring?

Back 16

the deliberate raising of an irrelevant issue during an argument

Front 17

What is the basic pattern of argument of the straw-man fallacy?

Back 17

The distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying of someone's position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted. Reinterpret claim X so that it becomes the weak or absurd claim Y. Attack claim Y. Conclude that X is unfounded.

Front 18

What is the fallacy of begging the question?

Back 18

the attempt to establish the conclusion of an argument by using the conclusion as a premise.

Front 19

Why are people often taken in by false dilemmas?

Back 19

People are often taken in by false dilemmas because they don't think beyond the alternatives laid before them.

Front 20

What is the burden of proof?

Back 20

the weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement. (in the critical thinking sense)

Front 21

What is the fallacy of slippery slope?

Back 21

arguing, without good reason, that taking a particular step will inevitably lead to a further undesirable step(or steps).

Front 22

ad hominem

Back 22

"to the man"

Front 23

appeal to emotion

Back 23

the use of emotions as premises in an argument.

Front 24

appeal to ignorance

Back 24

Arguing that a lack of evidence proves something.

Front 25

appeal to the person

Back 25

Rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself.

Front 26

argument by analogy

Back 26

argument making use of analogy, reasoning that because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respect.

Front 27

division

Back 27

arguing that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.

Front 28

fallacy

Back 28

an argument form that is both common and defective; a recurring mistake in reasoning.

Front 29

faulty analogy

Back 29

a defective argument by analogy

Front 30

hasty generalization

Back 30

the fallacy or arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin.

Front 31

tu quoque

Back 31

"you're another"; a type of ad hominem fallacy that argues that a claim must be true (or false) just because the claimant is hyocritical