Criminology Chapter 9

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Habits and knowledge that develop as a result of the experiences of the individual entering and adjusting to the environment

Front 2

Aristotle’s 4 laws of association

Back 2

1. Law of similarity

2. Law of contrast

3. Law of succession in time

4. Law of coexistence in space

Front 3

Behaviorist

Back 3

Substituted concepts of observable stimuli with the idea that learning occurs through trial and error

Front 4

Cognitive theorist

Back 4

Behavior occurs primarily through cognitive processes

Front 5

3 forms of association-based learned

Back 5

1. Classical conditioning (passive; Pavlov’s dogs)

2. Operant conditioning (active, learning through trial and error)

3. Social learning(behaviorist and cognitive)

Front 6

Key concepts of social learning

Back 6

1. Actual rewards/punishments

2. Expectation (modeling others)

Front 7

Gabriel Tarde

Back 7

First criminologist to use social learning; focuses on modeling(crime is a normal and learned behavior); laws of imitation

Front 8

Sutherland

Back 8

Expanded on Tarde’s learning theory and Mead’s symbolic interactionism; differential association

Front 9

Differential association

Back 9

Suggested that crime occurred through a process of learning in intimate peer groups

Front 10

2 basic elements of differential association

Back 10

1. Criminal behavior is learned in the process with intimate peer groups

2. Content: techniques, drives, etc.(People act in terms of what the situation means to them)

Front 11

Mead’s theory

Back 11

A cognitive factor-meanings- determines behavior.He argued that people construct relatively permanent definitions of their situation meanings they derive from particular experiences

Front 12

Walter Miller

Back 12

Focused on explaining gang delinquency and importance of lower class culture; suggest delinquency can be explained through focal concerns or normative values of the lower class

Front 13

Mileu of lower class norms, values, beliefs by Miller

Back 13

Trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy

Front 14

Aker’s

Back 14

Describe learning to be criminal

Front 15

Learning to become criminal

Back 15

Imitation, reward(positive reinforcement), punishment(negative reinforcement)

Front 16

Wolfgang and Ferracuti

Back 16

Described subculture of violence. Causes of crime are values, norms, expectations. “It’s either him or me!”

Front 17

Elijah Anderson

Back 17

Clarified ideas by Wolfgang, that behavioral troops could call upon to behave in certain situations

Front 18

Sub culture of violence

Back 18

Traces its roots to American south; honor among southern gentleman

Hint 18

Sub culture of violence

Front 19

Curtis

Back 19

Combine sub culture of violence with structural constraints of the urban city for explaining high rates of black violence

Front 20

Athens theory of violentization

Back 20

Formulated process of violentization that he believes dangerously violent criminals go through to become who they are

Front 21

Athens 4 stages of violentization

Back 21

Stage 1: brutalization

Stage 2: belligerence

Stage 3: violent performance

Stage 4: virulency

Front 22

Katz’s Seduction of crime

Back 22

Argued that crime is usually explained by background, but it’s more important to understand “foreground” variable of what it feels like to commit a crime when you are committing it.

Front 23

Zimbardo

Back 23

Argued that people and situations are in state of dynamic interaction where context transforms character