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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Criminal Career |
Engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behaviors into adulthood. A patter of persistent offending across the life course |
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Developmental theories |
The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics
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Life course theory |
Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events. |
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Propensity theory |
The view that a stable unchanging feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality makes some people crime prone |
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latent trait |
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality that makes some people crime prone over the life course. |
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Trajectory theory |
The view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders. |
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Population heterogeneity |
The propensity to commit crime is stable. Those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course |
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State dependence |
The propensity to commit crime is constantly changing, affected by environmental influences and changing life events. |
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Early Onset
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The view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career/ |
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Life course theory, how young can the onset start? |
AS early as when you are a toddler. If major life transitions get interrupted, you are more prone for crime.
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What does being apart of a gang promote? |
Antisocial behavior. |
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Early onset and what are the causes? |
Early onset is the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career. The causes are inadequate emotional support, distant peer relationships, and psychological issues, and problems. (Such as ADHD and Conduct disorder.) Poor parental discipline. |
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Problem behavior syndrome (life course) |
Antisocial behaviors that cluster together, including family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as criminality. |
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Age graded theory |
A state dependence theory formulated by Sampson and Laub that assumes that the causal associating between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior involves the quality of relationships encountered at different times in human development |
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Continuity of crime (Life course theory) |
Past criminality is a indicator of future criminality. |
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Turning points |
According to laub and sampson the life events that alter the development of a criminal career |
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Social capital (age graded theory) |
Positive, life sustaining relations with individuals and institutions
Able to create turning points that stave off a criminal career. As well as living in a better home environment, better friends and wife. Incarcerated parents erase all social capital and influences a child towards crime. |
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Cumulative disadvantage |
The tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones that accumulate and under mine success. |
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Love, marriage, and criminality (Age graded theory ) |
Supportive spouses help desist crime. If you significant others loves and supports you knowing you had issues with the law as youth you are more prone to quit criminality. In teens relationship with love are they only ones that work. Sex only relationships actually facilitate crime |
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Three developmental theories |
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Breaking up |
Increases delinquency and drug use in men and women in this state |
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How valid is age-graded theory? |
Pretty valid. Issues are with the timeline. DO people stop commiting crime only after the have a mate, or when they meet their mate. |
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schemas |
Cognitive frameworks that help people quickly process and sort through information |
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Criminogenic knowledge structure |
The view that negative life events are connected and produce a hostile view of people and relationships, preference for immediate rewards and a cynical view of conventional norms. |
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What is latent trait/Propensity theory
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James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein. Personal traits mixed with social variables cause people to choose crime. Assumes the propensity to commit crime is stable , but opportunities fluctuate. We age out because age and social connections lower opportunities to commit. |
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General theory of crime |
Gottfredson and Hirchi's developmental theory that links crime to impulisivity and a lack of self-control |
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Self control |
Refers to a persons ability to exercise restraint and control over his or her feelings, emotion, reaction, and behaviors |
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Impulsive |
Lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making. An impulsive person lacks close attention to details has organizational problems, and is distracted and forgetful, Criminals are impulsive risk takers. |
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What causes low self control to develop? |
Parents who don't punish bad behavior when it occurs. Who don't pay attention. Parents who are criminals are causes for a child to develop low self control |
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Impulsivity, biological causation |
Could be genetic, those with antisocial disorders that run in the family tend to pass it on. Could be due to a heart defect, those with low resting heart rate tend to seek out exciting things to be normal, And could be a birth defect. Those who didn't get proper air during the birthing process tend to be more impulsive. |
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Criticisms of the GTC |
Impulsivity is only one of many personality traits correlated with crime. It does no explain racial and gender differences. People change and so does their level of self control. |
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Trajectory Theory, the basic principles |
More than one path to crime. More than one class of offender. |
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What are offending trajectories? |
A school yard bully becomes an abusive husband. It remained the same type of offense but evolved. |
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Authority conflict pathway (A pathway to crime) |
Pathway to deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance. |
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Covert pathway (A pathway to crime) |
Pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, lead to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud. |
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Overt pathway (A pathway to crime) |
Pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting and eventually escalates to violent crime. |
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Adolescent-limited offenders |
Kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood.
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Life course persisters |
Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue t offend well into adulthood. |
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Abstainers |
Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a pat that places them outside the norm for their age group. |
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Late starters? |
Those who are diagnosed later in life with a disorder, which causes them to commit a crime. |