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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Counter urbanisation is |
The movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas |
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Reurbanisation is... and is encouraged by.... |
The movement of people back into urban area Favouable government policies concerning development of brownfield sites, facilities like education and entertainment, regeneration by Urban Development Corporations |
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Urban decline is |
When a decrease in economic activity causes a area to become run down |
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Regeneration is |
The reversal of urban decline (big city plan, thames gateway project |
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Surbiton, _____ would only buy a __ bedroom house but in st ives it would buy a bedroom house |
£300,000 2 4 |
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Counter urb. Push factors |
-Escape noise and air pollution -Suburbs and city centres often have issues with parking and congestion -House prices in suburbs rise with popularity |
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Counter urb. Pull factors |
-less dense housing, houses are often bigger with more outside space -think the quiet and open space will improve QoL -improved communication services make it easier for people to work from home or communicate -improved tech and transport systems make it easier for companies to locate themselves on the cheaper rural land, creates jobs -Increased car ownership and improved rail services make it easier to commute |
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Positive impact of counter urb. on rural |
-increased business for some service as newer residents are often retired/professional ith high disposable income -existing houes are improved and farmers can make money by selling land to developers -in some area where there are few children schools are at risk of closing, young families move in, schools don't close |
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Negative impacts of counter urb. on rural |
-new developments don't fit local character -some rural shops and services may close as wealthier residents are more likely to travel to shop -schools , may close if new residents are older instead of young families -Rural roads and infrastructure may struggle to cope with additional traffic, congestion, pollution -high demand for housing, higher house prices, younger people can't afford it, area is dominated by older people |
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Management of neg. Impacts of counter urb, rural |
New developments must fit in with the rest of the area (must be built using certain materials -some services offer mobile services (e.g. natwest has mobile banking units weekly visits to places like cumbria -local occupancy clauses on houses ( in parts of cumbria some lower cost housing can only be bought by people who have lived there for 3 years. Locals on low income can stay in the area) |
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St Ives in Cambridgeshire is ___ _____ of London and has undergone counter urbanisation. Its population has risen from ____ to ____ in ____ years. It has good road access and train links to ____ and ____ and around ______ of the working population commute to _____ |
70miles north 3800 16400 40 London Cambridge A quarter London |
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Impacts in st ives |
-congestion, especially on A14, the main commuter route -average price of a detache house has risen from £130,000 to £291,000 between 2000 and 2010. Commuters more affluent so can afford -more shops and serbices in town inc. Cafes, clothes, every day food stores -population structure has changed. Was ageing but now has more under 16s than over 65s. Pressure on schools |
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Management in st ives includes the building of ____ houses, ___ of which will be ____ to people on ___ ___. An additional ___ places will be opened in primary schools.A flood protection scheme costing ___ will be built on the river___. A ____ guided bus way linking st ives to ___ and ____ in a hope to ____ congestion |
200 house 75 Affordable Lower income 240 £8.8million Great Ouse £116 million Huntingdon and Cambridge Reduce |
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Gentrification is... and leds to.... |
(Regeneration by a wealthier group) The conversion of previously inner city, working class areas into middle class residence. It frequently leads to raised house prices, displacement of the poor as well as changes to the local shops and services. On the other hand economic segregation between suburbs and CBD is less and the local service, amenities and environment is improved. |
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Gentrification happens due to... |
-rising numbers of high paid jobs in the city centre (london, number of professional jobs rose by 25% between 1981-1991) -these jobs are often demanding with long hours, people want to reduce commute distance -depressed property values in the inner city attract youner, affluent families, afgluet professional and property developers |
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Gentrification of Portland road, ____ ___ in london began in the ___ when ____ workers reconverted post WW2 flats into their original forms (_____ houses). Then in the ____ mature gentrification began. The area used to be a ____ and houses that were be worth _____ are now worth over _____. |
Notting Hill, 1960-70s middle class large victorian style, 1980-90s, Slum £11,750 £2 million |
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Pioneer gentrifiers moved to the are because they thought ______ and they wanted to live close to ___ and ___. Unfortunately as _____ have changed, so have the local shops and services for example the ______ was converted into a ___ |
Suburbs were bland Work and cultural facilities Target markets Portland arms pub Spa |
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The process of Gentrification |
Pioneer Gentrification (middle class move in) --> mature Gentrification (high earning, private sector professionals) ----> super Gentrification (where housing becomes so expensive it is only affordable to the most affluent) |
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The stages of Urban decline |
1. Decline in industry 2. Increased unemployment 3. Shops and services decline 4. Physical environment declines |
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Urban decline can be reversed by |
Gentrification (notting hill), partnership schemes (Big city plan), property led regeneration (thames gateway) |
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The London Thames Gateway Development Corporation (LTGDC) a UDC, is a __ year programme set up in ___ to take over the __ __ __ __ (LDDC) and costing _____ in order to regenerate the part of the Thames Gateway to the ___ and___ of the ____ ___ which had declined from the ___ onwards. |
10 2004 £209.6 million North and South London Docklands 1960s |
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The LTGDC aims to .... and supports project like.... |
-Make sure land and buildings are used, not derelict (sustainable housing development with 10, 000 houses in barking riverside) -To improve housing and social facilities (London University are establishing a new campus in Stratford, opening 2013) (improved transport networks) -Create an attractive environment (building an ecology park in Barking Riverside) -Encourage development of new industry and business (new town centres in Canning Town and Custom House) |
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Successes of the LGTDC include ___ and___. Between ____ population in the ____ ___ ______ boroughs have grown by ___ A ____ renovation of ___ ___ ___ __ school has lead to rise of students getting 5 a* to c at GCSE from __ to __ in ___ year |
-Population growth, 2001-2011, barking and dagenham, 12% -improved educational achievement, £40 million, St Pauls Trust Way School, 29%, 46%, one |
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Concerns about the LDDC and LTGDC include:- LTGDC being accused of___ ____ _ ____ ___ (e.g. building a ____ ___ near the ___ ___ in 2012 despite ___. The feeling that LDDC favoured _____ over _____ of developments -inefficient building projects (apartment block that local _____ thought didn't provide ____ and would cause ___, __ and ___ -jobs created require skilled workers, ___ of the original inhabitants were __ or ___ |
Not listening to residents opinions, temporary nightclub, Olympic park, complaintsluxury over affordability Councillors, enough affordable housing, overcrowding, parking problems and loss of open space 36%, unskilled or semi skilled |
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The London docklands were ___ ____ in the ___ and ___ centuries but due to changes in the_____ industry began to decline from the __ onwards causing the loss of ____ jobs and dereliction of __ of the housing. Since the____ redevelopment has caused reurbanisation and the population of the docklands to ___ |
Globally important 19th and early 20th Shipping 1960s 150, 000 20% 1980s Double |
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The LDDC, set up in ____ has had a number of positive impacts on:economy (building an ___ that created__ and attracted ___) Housing (___ new homes) Transport (__ ___ __ cut journey time to central London to below ___ Environment (creation of ecology park in _____ Education (investment in schools) Community (new public facilities like ____ shopping centre) |
1981 Enterprise zone, jobs, £7.7bn private investment 25, 000 Docklands light railway, 20 mins Bow creek Surrey Quay |
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Management of issues with LDDC: - Training centres set up to.... -___ affordable housing in areas like Shadwell basin - worked with skillnet.... |
-Centres set up to provide basic literacy, numeracy and IT training -40% affordable housing in areas like Shadwell Basin -worked with Skillnet, a job agency that provided locals in the areas with work and training opportunities |
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Positive effects of reurbanisation |
-new jobs and services, boost economy -less unemployment, lower crime rates -tourism may increase -more students in local state schools |
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Negatives of reurbanisation |
Original low income residents can no longer afford to live there Social tension between new and old residents New jobs may not be accessible to original residents Shops and services cater to newer, affluent residents, unaffordable or undesirable to original residents |
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Management of reurbanisation impacts |
-guarantees for affordable housing (25% of new housing in Camden will be affordable to those on low income) -charitable projects to improve skill sets of existing population (City Gateway in the London Docklands work with young people, providing training courses to improve their employability) |
