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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Compare and contrast Marx and Hegel on their understanding of the development of history.
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Hegel said that there was/is an Idea/Mind/Spirit that's 'out there'. Any statement that is true is a thesis and it immediately produced an antithesis. These two eventually lead to a synthesis between them, a new thesis. A new antithesis is then created...
Marx said that there is no Idea/Mind/Spirit, but he did agree with the dialectic thing (a dialogue) and said that it goes for economics specifically. He's a young Hegalien, so we still have some progress before reaching the final stage. He encourages revolution to speed up the stages. |
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Explain Marx's idea of alienation. Be sure to include all three types.
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We work for a our existence, but it is not our essence. We need $$. B/c of the Industrial Revolution, we're no longer doing what we want, but working factory jobs.
3 types of alienation: Alienated from the products of our labor Alienated from ourselves (on the job & off the job)(the harder we work, the less we are worth) Alienated from each other- we must compete for jobs & different classes have different interests |
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What are the five epochs of history according to Marx?
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Primitive Community (starvation)
Slavery (feudalism (slaves to land/sharecropping)) Capitalism (sell self) Socialism (workers take over & state withers away) Communism (from each according to his ability to each according to his need) |
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Explain economic determinism.
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You are determined by your economic class who you are, what you do, what you believe, how you act.
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Give two of the criticisms of Marx and explain how a Marxist might respond. What was Bakunin’s criticism of Marx? How might Marx respond?
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C1) Why has it not happened in industrialized countries?
A1)All countries that tried to do Marxist revolutions were feudal & so were trying to go through revolution & industry at the same time. C2) The state will wither away?!?!?! A21)We're new at this- give us time to figure it out A22) No real communist countries yet- only dictators A23) It will only work with the whole world. Bakunin's criticism: Marx doesn't understand that humans are basically greedy. Reply: you were taught to be greedy |
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What is the difference between the Lamarckian and Darwinian explanation of change in a species?
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Lamarck said that the change is a conscious drive; inheritance of acquired traits is done on purpose. Darwin said that it happened without direction.
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What is the difference between observation and inference (forming an hypothesis?
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An observation is seeing a a trait or behavior happening, while an inference is drawing conclusions about common traits/behaviors/ predicting what will happen next based on those observations.
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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Observation of phenomena (empiricism)
Creation of a hypothesis (intuition or innate?) Make predictions based up on the hypothesis (predict something you don't know about) perform experiments that have the ability to prove the hypothesis is false. |
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What are the consequences of using the scientific method?
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You have to be able to let a theory go. If it is disproved, then it must be let go.
a hypothesis is not disproven, which is not the same thing as proven!!! After enough tests (a looooooooong time) the hypothesis becomes a theory, which while they are not to be dismissed, are not hard facts. Paradox |
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Explain the value of a theory when it is 'just a theory':
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There is a lot of research that holds it up; a theory is something that is as close to truth as we can get. It explains the world in pieces/ bits.
Awesome power, yet utterly provisional |
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Explain the limitations of a theory as imposed by the scientific method.
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It can never be proven.
It doesn't explain the whole picture. |
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Explain natural selection.
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There is undirected variation in offspring. Some traits enhance survival. If a trait enhances survival such that reproduction is increased, then the trait will be passed along to the next generation. The less advantageous are selected out and their genes perish with them.
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Name and describe the structures of Freud’s tripartite model of the mind.
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Id: unconscious, irrational. Pleasure. Fueled by instincts- eros (life-seeking, sexual), thanatos (destruction, cruelty)
Ego- Rational- reality- balancing- chooses Superego: Ideal self-morality; ideal self |
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Define and explain the significance of: unconscious
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6/7
like a maximum security prison. hypnosis- made do one thing, reason why another |
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Define and explain the significance of: libido
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psychic energy; a closed energy system; energy stays in system
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Define and explain the significance of: sublimation
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redirecting; instead of being really angry, play a sport. It is a way we defend ourselves against anxiety and the id.
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Define and explain the significance of: repression
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purposely forgetting something. It is a way we defend ourselves against anxiety and the id.
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Define and explain the significance of: eros
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One of two instincts of the id that is life-seeking and sexually driven.
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Define and explain the significance of: thanatos
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One of two instincts of the id that is destructive and cruel
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Explain Freud’s challenge to the Rationalist Credo. How rational are we?
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We're not really rational. There is more going on than meets the eye. Knowable.
We're not rational- aggression and passions. |
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In what respects is Freud a determinist?
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Freud is a determinist in that he says that humans are determined by nature and nurture- the desires of the id and how its needs are met, especially as a child.
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What is Skinner’s contribution to our understanding of “anthropology,” especially the nature of determinism?
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He says that "anthropology" is more of assumptions. His assumptions are that we are empty organisms- no givens- the ultimate blank slate, the environment causes our behaviors- learned behaviors, and that behaviors follow lawful patterns.
Central law: Those behaviors that have been rewarded will be repeated. |
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Describe Skinner’s view of mental processes, and his critique of traditional views of human reason.
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Reason is irrelevant. Internal mental events cannot be studied scientifically, so there is no need to study them.
Private events are subject to the same laws as public events- thoughts and ideas are subject to conditioning Self-knowledge is limited because it is so imprecise Thoughts do NOT cause behaviors. Thoughts and behaviors are both caused by environments. |
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Define and explain the significance of the following terms or phrases: positive reinforcement.
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Introducing positive consequences to encourage behavior
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Define and explain the significance of the following terms or phrases: negative reinforcement.
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remove or avoid negative consequences/ conditions so as to encourage behavior
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Define and explain the significance of the following terms or phrases: punishment.
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introduce negative consequences so as to discourage behavior
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Define and explain the significance of the following terms or phrases: extinction.
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no consequence of behavior
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Define and explain the significance of the following terms or phrases: shaping.
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continuous reinforcement. 'shaping' successive approximations. Moving from no behavior through steps to a complex behavior
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Define and explain the significance of the following terms or phrases: “freedom is an illusion.”
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We claim freedom inconsistently- demand freedom for ourselves, but refuse to accept responsibility. All our problems are behavioral problems and can be fixed by fixing the society.
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Compare and contrast Marx, Darwin, Freud and Skinner. What makes each a determinist? In what ways is the determinism of each distinct from the others?
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Marx: economic determinism- your economic positions what you do & who you are. Can choose to break free (revolution).
Darwin: biological determinist. your biology is determined and that affects who you are. Freud: psychological determinism. determined by nature & nurture. Instinct-driven & the determining nurturing is done by age 5ish. After this your life patterns are set. Skinner: EVERYTHING is determined by either your environment or others. NOTHING is a choice. Radical determinism. What you are is the sum of your behaviors. man is a machine |
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What is subjective truth? In what ways is it superior to objective truth? How does it help us avoid the agony of decision making?
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Subjective truth is truth that is apparent and valid only to the individual. It is affected by our own thoughts and experiences.
It is superior to objective because it is involved knowing- it pertains to you particularly and so is more meaningful. It helps us avoid the agony of decision making because it tells us what real values and real truths are; what is right & wrong. It tells us specifically what we ought to do. |
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What are the three stages along life's way? How are Agamemnon and Abraham examples of the last two stages?
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3 stages: Aesthetic (living for pleasure), Ethical (give up own pleasure for the good of others), Religious (give up everything to God).
Agamemnon gave up his daughter so that others could live (ethical). Abraham gave up his son, and his ethics, to God and got him back later (Religious). |
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What does Kierkegaard reject in Hegel? Why? Is there anything he might accept? How does his critique of Hegel compare with Marx's?
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There is no progress over time (WWI)
No real truths. Creates apathy & is demoralizing. Kierk is for either/or, but not both. Irrelevant to everyday life. No Freedom For The Individual Kierkegaard pretty much disagrees with Hegel on every point, while Marx just disagrees with the mind/spirit/idea. |
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Define the aesthetic stage:
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The stage in which you life for pleasure. Most people live here. The categories are boring & exciting. Not adequate & leaves us in dread & anxiety.
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Define the ethical stage:
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Some people move here. Give up own pleasure for the good of other individuals. Categories: good/bad.
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Define the religious stage:
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Very few people move here. Give up everything, even ethics, to God. Categories: belief, unbelief.
Knight of Faith |
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Define Objective Truth:
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Truth that is true for everyone. Truths for which there are objective criteria to determine truth or falsehood. Historical truths.
Problems: Existentially indifferent; lacks value; doesn't tell me how to live. |
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Define Subjective Truth:
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Truths that are apparent to the individual. My knowledge is always my knowledge. Involved knowing.
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Define Leap of Faith:
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Reason can only get you so far. There is a point at which you must finish by faith.
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Define Dionysian:
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Non-Rational, Living dangerously. Extremes. Dark wisdom. The Primitive
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Define Apollonian:
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Reason, rational. Logical order, civilization; Knowledge; nothing in excess.
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Define Will to Power:
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POWER drives all our actions, thoughts, and emotions.
Expression: showing off Sublimation: channeling Repression: denying power |
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Define the Consolations of Man:
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All the ways the Herd deludes itself into thinking that God & values exist.
The ways of convincing the self that God exists. |
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Define the Herd:
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Most people. Love the status quo; learn only what is happy & good; black & white truths.
Unthinking & afraid of the new Believes the old 'truths' b/c they opiate the mind Filled with resentment @ anyone who is superior. |
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Contrast the Master morality to the Slave morality (include an explanation of the terms good, bad, & evil)
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Master: Good: noble, strong, powerful, determine my own values. Bad: weak, petty, ordinary.
Slave: Good: What alleviates the troubles of the Herd- humility, sympathy. the Masters' 'good' is evil. Evil: Anything against the comfort of the herd; anything that elevates one above others. Good & evil are eternal truths. |
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What does it require to become an adult? How is Nietzsche's atheism heroic?
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1) Accept that God is dead- there never was/is a god.
2) Give up lying to self about values. 3) Get on with life. He's standing up to the prevailing viewpoint of happy atheism. There's nothing out there, no purpose, but he says don't pick nihilism & give up- do something with your life. |
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What did Nietzsche mean by "God is dead"?
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He meant that people no longer *act* like God is alive.
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What is the effect of the death of God on the slaves? on the masters?
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To the slaves It's totally devastating; all values collapse; their whole worldview collapses.
To the masters, after the initial shock, it's not much of a problem. |
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How is Nietzsche similar to Kierkegaard? To Sarte? To Dostoevsky? how is he different? What affirmations are common to these existentialists? On what do they all agree?
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They all agree that humans are free and are terrified by the idea
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What is Existentialism?
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Existentialism is the idea that I determine my nature by the choices I make.
1) Human beings are totally free - NO determinism 2) Awareness of this fact leads to dread 3) Understanding that we must choose 4) Our choices define who we are- our identity and values |
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Why are the following thinkers considered to be Existentialists: Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and Sartre?
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Kierkegaard: subjective truth is the way to go, which requires you to choose your values and truths and then make decisions based off of those truths.
Dostoevsky: The burden of freedom; no clear rules. humans are terrified of freedom and the decisions/choices that come out of it. Nietzsche: the Master- makes his own decisions and chooses to be who/what he wants. he determines who he is Sartre: Nausea- anguish, forlornness, despair. bad: condemned to be free. good: you are free! Have a choice about how you live. Existence precedes essence. What you DO. |
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Define the following terms, according to Sartre: nausea:
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the realization that the universe is meaningless & absurd.
Everything is sickening. see things as they truly are. surrounded by existences- no meanings. false meanings. |
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Define the following terms, according to Sartre: Being-in-itself
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something complete, fixed, without meaning. A rock or tree.
Abdicates choice - lets others define you. Most people are here. |
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Define the following terms, according to Sartre: Being-for-itself
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Something that is incomplete, fluid, and has meaning. This can be a human.
Makes authentic choices |
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Define the following terms, according to Sartre: Radical freedom
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Unconditional and absolute freedom.
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Define the following terms, according to Sartre: intersubjectivity.
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we have a responsibility to each other. I don't define who you are, but also I don't let you use me to define you.
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What does he mean by “Existence precedes essence”? What are the implications of this concept? What is the opposite?
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He means that you have to exist before you can have meaning. The 'idea' of 'us' doesn't come about until we exist. who we are is not defined until we exist.
The implications are that we find our own meaning/essence. We are defined by what we do. The opposite is essence precedes existence, which is like a me making a clay boat. I had the idea of a boat before I built it. |
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What does it mean to live in “good faith”? How about “bad faith”? What are the consequences of freedom?
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Good faith: accepting responsibility and making authentic choices.
Bad faith: trying to avoid responsibility. whining, blaming others. The consequences of freedom include responsibility for your actions, good or bad. |
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Compare and contrast Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre regarding what it means to be an adult.
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CONTRAST
K: goal to get to the religious level. We don't because we're afraid of freedom N: understand will to power, give up slave morality, recognize God is dead (via human actions), values have collapsed S: say no to labels & live authentically COMPARE 1) people are totally free 2) people don't like it K- make a leap of faith N&S- god is dead. |
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Define: Meta-narratives
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something that explains everything. overarching stories. Christianity is one. Science, Marx, Freud, also
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Define: Canon
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The group on which the stamp of approval has been given as worthwhile, important
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Define: DWEM literature
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Dead White European Males [euro-centric] only one point of view that sets itself up as a standard
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Define: Identity Politics
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how your identity is made up of many different aspects. honoring differences
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Define: DuBois: the Negro as a Problem
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to live in the 20th century as a black is a problem. the quest for self-consciousness. false hope coupled with vast despair. also a gift
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Define: Double Consciousness
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The gift/curse of the second sight. Always looking at himself through the eyes of others.
curse- separated. blessing- see what others don't see |
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Define: The Other
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always living as *an outsider*.
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In what ways does Postmodernism pose a critique of the Enlightenment Project?
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Postmodernism Knowledge: historical & Contextual; Probable; Systemic (different systems of understanding); Constructed (no Transcendental grounding, a human construct, not objective); Known by Communities (fit w/different communities)
Not Timeless, Certain, Foundational, Objective, nor known by undifferentiated individuals |
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Explain the positions of both the Cultural Conservatives and the Enlightened Traditionalists in response to the cannon
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CC: Keep the canon as it is. why change it; it's good.
ET: while we need a canon, open it and let marginalized voices in. train universal readers to read in the same way |
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indicate how both the Multiculturalists and the Separatists differ from the Cultural Conservatives and Enlightened Traditionalists, and how they differ from each other in their treatment of "dominant culture" texts and minority texts.
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M & CS say no canons.
CC & ET say have canons. CS says let us recover our heritage. equal but separate. More of a focus on 'my' culture. M says teach everyone the differences. no universal reader. more of a focus on getting everyone to know everyone else. |
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How are the Multiculturalists and Separatists representative of Post-Modernism?
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M: systemic, no transcendental grounding/not objective.
S: historical/ contextual, systemic, constructed- no transcendental grounding. |
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Where should we locate WEB DuBois in this debate?
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FIND ANSWER!!!
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Explain the three responses to the CC' understanding of the canon; which fits DuBois best? Why?
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The canon is unfair- leaves many people out
Inaccurate- the assumption that you need these to be educated Dangerous- the idea that with these you are ready to face the world. DON'T KNOW WHICH FITS DUBOIS BEST!!!!! |
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Describe the assumptions of liberal feminism. In what ways is liberal feminism a “modern” movement?
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A GUESS!!!!!
Do feminists hate men? Are feminists bra-burners? Is feminism obsolete? Is 'modern' because since 1960's was a very loud proponent. |
reason is good; women are equal with men
reason; progress |
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What are major differences between premodern, modern and postmodern worldviews—especially when it comes to human nature? What implications do these views have for attitudes toward gender?
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Premodern: static universe, known through reason, biology is identity, fixed sex differences.
Modern: Reason, not biology, females & males similar b/c of reason. Postmodern: no metanarative, experiences matter, gender based off of differences of experience. |
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What is postmodernism? How has postmodern feminism changed discussions of epistemology?
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no metanarrative. our experiences (context, culture) matter. differences are because of experiences.
Challenge autonomy (community of knowers), situated knowers (knowledge is affected by experiences) |
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How have feminists like Carol Gilligan challenged traditional (i.e., Kantian) views of ethics?
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Tradition: Highest levels of morality are rational and impersonal.
Feminism: ethics of care (Giligan). Private world ethics. |
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Define: Authority
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stones into bread. people want a leader
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Define: Mystery
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leap from the temple. people want someone to tell them what is right & wrong.
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Define: Miracle
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kingdoms of the world- a craving for universal unity. leadership
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What does Jesus offer humanity (according to the GI)?
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Freedom, which they don't want
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What does the GI offer in its place?
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Miracle, Mystery, and Authority.
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What does he mean that he loves humanity more than Jesus did?
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He means that he doesn't sentence men to what they don't want- freedom; he gives them what they want so that they can be happy and content
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Explain the effect of Jesus kissing the GI:
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Jesus was saying that I love you, but I am giving you the freedom to do what you have chosen. I will not give you mystery, authority, or miracle.
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Explain the effect of Alyosha kissing Ivan:
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Same thing- I love you, but I am giving you the freedom to believe what you will believe.
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What do you think of the GI's interpretation of the temptations and of his belief in the human need to take away the burden of freedom?
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I don't agree with his interpretations at all, although I'll give him points for creativity. It does seem that humanity wants their freedom to be taken away because it frees them up to do what they like without the burden of choosing
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Is he right about human nature?
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To a certain extent.
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Does the kiss Jesus gives fit with the GI's analysis or contradict it?
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fits.
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