Cell Phys (Concentration Gradients/organelles/adhesion Molecules)

Front 1

INTRAcellular ions and molecules w/ higher concentration gradient

Back 1

-potassium

-magnesium

-phosphate

-sulfate

-protein

-protons pH 7.0

Front 2

EXTRAcellular ions and molecules w/ higher concentration gradient

Back 2

-sodium

-calcium

-chloride

-bicarbonate

-glucose

-pH 7.3-7.4

Urea

Front 3

Cell membrane

Back 3

Structure: lipid bilayer

Fxn: separate out from in

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

Structure: outer membrane continuous w/ ER

Fxn: site of DNA replication and transcription (DNA -> RNA)

Front 5

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 5

Structure: rough/smooth ER

Fxn: membrane and secreted protein synthesis/membrane phosplipids and cholesterol synthesis

Front 6

Golgi apparatus

Back 6

Structure: 5 stacks (cis next to ER and trans toward the membrane)

Fxn: addition and removal of sugars, termed glycoslyation

Front 7

Glycocalyx

Back 7

Structure: negatively charged glycolipids/proteins

Fxn: only on outside of cell. ABO blood type, immune and autoimmune fxn

Front 8

Lysosome

Back 8

Structure: vesicle filled w/ digestive enzymes

Fxn: enzymes are acid hydrolases (protease break down protein, lopsided break down fat and amylase breakdown carbohydrates)

Front 9

Mitochondria

Back 9

Structure: outer and inner membrane with matrix

Fxn: has own DNA; inner membrane = electron transport; matrix = Kreb’s cycle

Front 10

Peroxisomes

Back 10

Structure: lipid bilayer; oxidative core

Fxn: detoxification of alcohol; enzyme = catalase

Front 11

Cytoskeleton

Back 11

Structure: microfilaments

Fxn: actin and myosin; actin also amoeboid movement

Structure: intermediate filaments

Fxn: keratin = epithelia cells; neurofilaments = nerve tissue; vimentin = connective tissue

Structure: microtubules; contain tubulin

Fxn: vesicle transport, secreation, chromosomal movement, cilia (respiratory) and flagella (reproduction)

Front 12

Tight junction

Back 12

Structure: physical barrier at apical. Border (junction = cell-cell)

Fxn: blood-brain barrier; integrity of epithelial cell layer

Front 13

Adherents junction

Back 13

Structure: located in apical region of the cells just below the tight junctions; allows neural tube development; (junction = cell-cell)

Fxn: cytoskeleton = contractile actin network; linker glycoprotein = cadherins (note: in the absence of calcium, this jxn opens and is cause of dysfunctions such as “leaky gut”)

Front 14

Desmosome (Macula Adherens)

Back 14

Structure: spot junction = cell-cell contact

Fxn: maintains epithelial integrity; cytoskeleton = intermediate filaments

Front 15

Gap junction

Back 15

Structure: AKA communicating junction

Fxn: transfer of chemical or electrical signals between neighboring cells

Front 16

Hemidesmosome

Back 16

Structure: connects cells to basal lamina (junction = cell-matrix)

Fxn: cytoskeleton = intermediate filaments

Front 17

Extracellular matrix

Back 17

Main component of connective tissue:

1. Glycosaminoglycans

2. Fibrous proteins

3. Adhesive proteins

Front 18

Glycosaminoglycans

Back 18

Structure: highly negatively charged sulfates; especially important in joints; with protein -> termed proteoglycans and have bottle brush appearance

Function: attract Na+; water is drawn in; results in swelling or turgor; turgor resists tissue compression

Front 19

Fibrous proteins: made by fibroblasts

Back 19

Collagen: resistant to shearing; organized into fibrils; can be bundled into fibers

Elastin: found in tissues able to stretch and recoil blood vessels, skin, lungs; in extracellular space cross-linked

Front 20

Adhesive glycoproteins

Back 20

Structure: contain domains that... 1. Binds to cell surface 2. Interacts w/ collagen 3. Binds to proteoglycans

Function: act as extracellular glue