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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the basic components of protoplasm?
Water

Electrolytes

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates
What percentage of water is found in most cells?
70-85%
Most body fluid is found?
Inside the cells - intracellular
How much fluid in the body is found in extracellular fluid?
1/3
What molecules make upt the extracellular fluid?
Sodium Chloride

Bicarb

Nutrients such as o2, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and CO2 waste product
The second most abundant substance found is cells are?
Proteins

water is first
What are strucutral proteins?
They are the long filament proteins that make up intracellular filaments like the microtubules and cystoskeleton.
What molecules make upt the extracellular fluid?
Sodium Chloride

Bicarb

Nutrients such as o2, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and CO2 waste product
What do the functional proeins of the cell do?
They act mainly as enzymes within the cell to catalyze specific intracellular chemical reactions.
What is the glycocalyx?
It is a loose carbohydrate coat that covers the outside of the cell.
What important functions do the glycolyx perform?
Many of them give the cells a negative electrical charge

Some attach to other glycolayx covered cells

Act as receptor substances for binding hormones, such insulin that when bound activates a cascade of intracellular enzymes

Some enter into immune reactions
What is cytosol
The clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm that particles are dispersed in.
What is the difference between smooth and granular endoplasmic recticulum?
The granular endoplasmic recticulum hacve ribosomes attached to the outer wall. The ribosomes function to sysnthesize new protein molecules inside the cell.
What is the function of agranular emdoplasmic recticulum?
It functions for the synthesis of lipid substances and for other processes of the cells promoted by intrarecticular enzymes
What is the funciton of the golgi apparatus?
As small transport vesicles pinch off of the ER they fuse with the golgi apparatus. The substances are then transported to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other components.
What is the function of the lysosomes?
They are membrane bound bags of digestive enyzymes that provide intracellular digestion of damaged cellular structures, food particles ingested by the cell, and unwanted matter such as bacteria. They digest in 3 main ways

1)Endocytosis
2)Autophagy
3)Phagosome
What is the function of the peroxisomes?
Similar to lysosomes but have two major differences.

1) They are believed to be formed by self-replication rather than the golgi apparatus

2) They contain oxidases and not hydrolases which can form hydrogen peroxide and is responsible for detoxifing about 1/2 the alcohol a person drinks in the liver cells.
What are the functions of the secretory vesicles?
Hormones and neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles by the golgi apparatus then transported to the cell surface for release.

Ex: mast cells use secretory vesicles to release histamine.
What are the functions of the mitochondria?
The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are responsible for extracting energy from the nutrients within the cell. The number within the cell varies, but can go from less than 100 to several thousand depending on the cells energy requirements. The size and location also changes base on the cells energy needs.

The mitochondria is composed of two lipid bilayer-proteins (outer and inner layer) and the inside is made up of many infoldings of the inner membrane which form shelves where oxidative enzymes sit to extract energy which is used to synthesize ATP. THe ATP is then transported throughout the cell to be used wherever needed.

Mitochondria are also self-replecative and can form additional when there is a need for increased ATP release. They also contain DNA similar to that found in the nucleus of the cell and help control the replication of mitochondria.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
It makes up the scaffolding or skeleton of the cell from proteins organized into filaments or tubules.
What is the function of the cell nucleus?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell where large quantaties of DNA are stored. The DNA determine the characteristics of the cell's proteins including structural proteins and intracellular enzymes that control intracellular activities. These genes also control reproduction of the cell itself.
Pinocytosis
One of the two main forms of endocytosis

The ingestion of minute particles that form the vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate consistuents inside the cell cytoplasm

Occurs in the cell membranes of most cells and is the only means by which most large macromolecules such as protein molecules can enter cells.

4 steps

1) moecules attach to special protein receptors on the surface of the membrane that are specific for the type of protein to be absorbed (coated pits)

2) The surface invaginates inward

3) Invaginated proteins break away from the surface forming a pinocytotic vesicle

4) The clarithrin proteins disolve

ATP is required for this form of active transport
Phagocytosis
The ingestion of large particles such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions of degenerating tissue.

Only large particles rather than molecules

Initiated when a prticle such as bacteria binds with receptors on the surface of the phagocyte.
What is opsonization?
The intermediation of antibodies that occurs when the antibody attached to a bacteria drags the bacteria with it to the phagocytic receptor site.
What is cell theory?
It is the idea that every living thing is made up of cells and it is the structural and functional unit of all living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells by divison

Cells are similar in chemcical structure and perform similar functions

They carry the hereditary information

All metabolic activities occur within the cell.
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ?
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and have internal structures that are important in preforming tasks associated with energy production and metabolism

Prokaryotic cells do not contain a membrane bound nucleus and do not have specific organelles required to perform various tasks.
What is the functions of the flagellum?
Tail-like projections that protrude from the cell body of pro and euk cells, providing locamotion of the cell.

Also can play a sensory role in temperature and and chemicals
Pilus
Hairlike projections found on the outside of some bacteria. The structure can attach to the epithelium wall which does not allow the bacteria to be expelled upon urination. They are found on all gram negative bacteria and also work to help bacteria reproduce by allowing them to attach to each other.
Integral Proteins
Extend all the way through the lipid bilayer and bind with the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer. They extend from the cytosol to the extracellular fluid and serve as transport channels.
What are microbodies?
Small vesicles that carry enzymes that do not aide in digestion
Which organelle only has a single layered membrane?
Peroxisomes
Define Amphipathic
Having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region.