Anat And Phys Exam 1 Study Set

Front 1

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Back 1

Body structure vs. Body function

Front 2

Gross Anatomy

Back 2

What can we see w/ the naked eye?

Front 3

Cytology vs. Histology

Back 3

Studying cells vs. studying tissues

Front 4

Superior/Inferior

Back 4

Up/Down

Front 5

Medial/Lateral

Back 5

Towards the middle/towards the side

Front 6

Anterior/Posterior

Back 6

Front/Back

Front 7

Proximal/Distal

Back 7

Towards torso/away from torso

Front 8

Coronal

Transverse

Midsagittal

Back 8

Divides body into:

Front/Back

Upper/Lower

Left/Right

Front 9

Homeostasis

Back 9

"Tendency to maintain stable internal environment despite continuously changing outer environment"

Front 10

"Antagonistic homeostatic control"

Back 10

Two antagonistic systems balance each other out to maintain homeostasis

Ex. Insulin, Glucagon, and body glucose levels

Front 11

Insulin

Back 11

Lowers glucose levels by encouraging glucose uptake in most cells and promoting glycogen formation in the liver

Front 12

Glucagon

Back 12

Raises glucose levels by breaking down glycogen stores in the liver

Front 13

Order of reaction to stimulus

Back 13

1. Stimulus

2. Receptors

3. Control center

4. Effectors

5. Response

Front 14

Setpoint

Back 14

The point at which homeostasis exists.

NOTE: the set point can change

Ex. acclimation to altitude = More RBCs

Front 15

Feedback

Back 15

When a system's output is returned to its input to affect future output

Front 16

Neg. Feedback vs. Pos. Feedback

Back 16

Shuts down input/Further stimulates input

Front 17

Neg. Feedback

Back 17

When output opposes further action on the input.

Most common feedback loop: prevents sudden changes in the body.

Ex. blood glucose system

Front 18

Pos. Feedback

Back 18

When output amplifies stimulus, causing increased input.

Causes sudden bodily change that are short-lived

Ex. contractions during childbirth

NOTE: Pos. Feedback loops cannot terminate themselves

Front 19

Plasma Membrane: Functions

Back 19

1.Physical barrier

2. Selective permeability

3. Intercellular communications

4. Anchoring to other cells

Front 20

Membrane Transport

Back 20

Transport of gases and/or molecules across a cell membrane

Front 21

Paracellular vs. Transcellular transport

Back 21

Para - between two cells

Trans - directly through a cell

Front 22

Passive vs. Active transport

Back 22

Passive - no ATP required

Ex. diffusion, channel & carrier mediated

Active - ATP required

Front 23

Passive Transport

Back 23

Uses only the energy from the concentration gradient (Hi to Lo)

Front 24

Active Transport

Back 24

Requires energy to move against the concentration gradient (Lo to Hi)

Front 25

Simple Diffusion

Back 25

Random spread of molecules until concentration gradient achieved throughout

NOTE: diffusion rate inversely proportional to molecule size and membrane permeability

Front 26

Osmosis

Back 26

Diffusion of water over selectively permeable membrane

NOTE: affected by presence of solutes

Front 27

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 27

Diffusion across a membrane, facilitated by carrier proteins.

Front 28

Bulk Filtration

Back 28

Everything in a solution moves in one direction

Front 29

Ion Channels

Back 29

Channel proteins specifically for passive transport of ions

NOTE: very fast

Front 30

Mechanisms for opening ion channels

Back 30

1. Voltage

2. Intra- or extra-cellular ligands/keys

3. Mechanically opened

Front 31

Transport-Carriers

Back 31

Carrier proteins designed for active or passive transport; not very fast

NOTE: works like the Panama canal

Front 32

Occlusion State

Back 32

The state when a transport-carrier proteins in closed on both sides of the membrane

Front 33

3 Types of transport carrier:

Back 33

Uniport (one way)

Symport (two-lane)

Antiport (two-way)

Front 34

Primary Active Transporter

Back 34

Requires ATP to transport against gradient

Ex. Na/K transporter

Front 35

Secondary Active Transporter

Back 35

Uses the energy of other molecules traveling down concentration gradient to transport target molecule against gradient

Both symport and antiport can be secondary

Ex. Na/Glucose symport transporter

Front 36

Why have active transporters?

Back 36

Pumps help maintain gradients, which keep cells and body working.

Allow gradient to equalize, and everything stops working

Front 37

Tissue

Back 37

A group of cells performing similar functions, with similar structure and extracellular matrix composition

Front 38

Organ

Back 38

A collection of different tissues.

Ex. the skin

Front 39

Types of Tissue (4)

Back 39

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Skeletal

Front 40

Function of Epithelial Tissue (4)

Back 40

1. Physical protection

2. Selective permeability

3. Secretions

4. Sensation (ex. touch)

Front 41

Types of Epithelial Tissue (5)

Back 41

1. Exchange

2. Transport

3. Ciliated

4. Secretory

5. Protective

Front 42

Modes of Secretory Epithelial Tissue (3)

Back 42

1. Apocrine (Half-cell)

2. Merocrine (Vesicles)

3. Holocrine (Complete cell)

Front 43

Types of Intercellular Junctions (4)

Back 43

1. Tight (seals apical surface)

2. Adhering (holds cells together)

3. Desmosomes (holds cells together)

4. Gap (Cell communication)

Front 44

Functions of Connective Tissue (6)

Back 44

1. Protection

2. Structural support

3. Binding things together

4. Transport

5. Storage

6. Autoimmunity

Front 45

Types of Connective Tissue (4)

Back 45

1. Proper (Aerolar/Adipose Loose, Reg/Irreg/Elastic Dense)

3. Supporting (Hyaline/Fibro-/)

4. Fluid (Blood)

Front 46

Types of Muscle Tissues (3)

Back 46

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

Front 47

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 47

Striations, straight fibers w/ multiple nuclei

Front 48

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 48

Striations, intercalcating discs, branching fibers

Front 49

Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue

Back 49

Flat muscle cells, no striations

Front 50

Types of Cell Aging (5)

Back 50

1. Metaplasia (new tissue type)

2. Hypertrophy (cell size)

3. Hyperplasia (cell number)

4. Neoplasia (a tumor)

5. Atrophy (less tissue)

Front 51

Metaplasia

Back 51

One type of tissue gets replaced with another

Ex. Simple Columnar with Stratified Squamous in smokers

Front 52

Hypertrophy

Back 52

Increase in existing cell's size (ex. cardiac/muscular hypertrophy)

Front 53

Hyperplasia

Back 53

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue

Front 54

Neoplasia

Back 54

Uncontrollable cell growth, resulting in new tissue (a tumor)

Front 55

Atrophy

Back 55

Decrease in size of a tissue, either due to smaller cells or less cells

Front 56

Types of Cell Death (2)

Back 56

1. Apoptosis (Intended)

2. Necrosis (Unintended)

Front 57

Major Mineral in Bone?

Back 57

Hydroxyapatite

Front 58

Functions of Skeletal System (4)

Back 58

1. Structure, protection, and support of other organs

2. Attachment sites for muscles

3. Calcium and phosphate homeostasis

4. Blood cells and stem cell production

Front 59

Mechanical Properties of Bone

Back 59

Elastic

Yield point

Plastic

Failure point/Failure

Front 60

Hysteresis

Back 60

When a load enters the plastic region and then is lifted.

Front 61

Anisotrophy

Back 61

Property of how bone strength varies with direction of load on bone (ex. longitudinal vs. perpendicular to bone)

Front 62

Types of Forces on Bone (2)

Back 62

1. Tension

2. Compression

NOTE: exerted on side of the bone; inside is hollow/spongy bone

Front 63

Osseous bone structure, from interior to exterior

Back 63

Osteon (Central canal, concentric lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae), interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae

Front 64

What are perforating canals?

Back 64

They connect two or more central canals.

Front 65

Bone cells (3)

Back 65

1. Osteoblast (create)

2. Osteocyte (maintain)

3. Osteoclast (destroy)

Front 66

Long bone structure (3)

Back 66

1. Epiphysis (bone growth plate)

2. Metaphysis (whatever's not epi- or dia-)

3. Diaphysis (the main shaft)

Front 67

Trabeculae

Back 67

The narrow plates of bone that make spongy bone.

Front 68

Functions of Cartilage (3)

Back 68

1. Support of soft tissue

2. Joints/Articulations

3. Precursor for bone growth

Front 69

Types of Cartilage (3)

Back 69

1. Hyaline Cartilage (clear rubbery cartilage found between most long bone joints)

2. Fibrinous Cartilage (tough cartilage found between other bones, like the vertebrae)

3. Elastic Cartilage (wherever elasticity is needed, like the ears and nose)

Front 70

Two types of cartilage growth

Back 70

1. Interstitial (inside out)

2. Appositional (outside layer)

Front 71

Why does cartilage heal slowly?

Back 71

It is avascular, so it takes a while for necessary materials to reach the injury.

Fibrocartilage also replaces hyaline cartilage as scar tissue

Front 72

Bone Development Types (3)

Back 72

1. Intramembraneous ossification (growth of skull bones in babies)

2. Endochondrial ossification (new bone from epiphyseal plate)

3. Calcification (depositing of calcium into tissues)

Front 73

Hormones that control Calcium Homeostasis

Back 73

1. Parathyroid hormones (released when Ca is low; breaks down bone)

2. Calcitonin (release when Ca is high; decreases bone reapsorption)

Front 74

Bone Remodeling

Back 74

Normal process where old bone is broken down and replaced with new bone.

Front 75

Bones in Skull?

Back 75

8 Cranial bones, 14 Facial

Front 76

Bones in Ribs?

Back 76

1-7 Real ribs, 8-12 False ribs, 11-12 Floating ribs

Front 77

Bones in vertebrae?

Back 77

7 in Cervical area, 12 in Thoracic area, 5 in Lumbar, 1 in adult Sacrum, 1 in adult Coccyx

Front 78

Foramen Magnum

Back 78

Foramen (hole) through which nerve cord enters the skull.

NOTE: placement of FM can indicate bipedalness

Front 79

Sutures in cranium?

Back 79

1. Coronal (frontal/parietal)

2. Sagittal (Two halves of parietal)

3. Lamboidal (parietal/occipital)

4. Squamous (parietal/temporal)

Front 80

Sternal Foramen

Back 80

A hole in the xiphoid process that sometimes appears

Front 81

Parts of the sternum (3)

Back 81

1. Manubrium (where collarbones meet sternum)

2. Body (the middle part)

3. Xiphoid process (the bottommost part)

Front 82

Costal cartilage

Back 82

The cartilage that links most of the ribs to the sternum