Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 1: Mineralized Tissue And Bones

Front 1

Notochord

Back 1

from premesodermal cells (from chordamesoderm of pre-triploblastic embryo)Formed as a rod of haline filled cells. Surrounded by a tough connective tissue sheath. There is no matrix between the cells

Front 2

Fibroblasts

Back 2

synthesize collagen (protein polymer fibers)

Fibers spew out of cells and unite into bundles. Bundles weave together like cotton.

Front 3

Cartilage

Back 3

chondroblasts secrete the extracellular matrix of haline.

Front 4

Perichondrium

Back 4

surface bounding membrane around cartilage expands and changes with growth/remodeling of element.

Front 5

4 types of cartilage

Back 5

Hyaline, fibrocartilage,Calcified cartilage, elastic cartilage

Front 6

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 6

Clear and hard. Has little collagen. Found on surfaces of articulated joints

Front 7

Fibrocartilage

Back 7

contains a super thick dense collagen bundles. Found in intervertebral discs

Front 8

Calcified cartilage

Back 8

calcium salts are deposited in the matrix by chondroblasts instead of hyaline. It’s in sharks Jaws. It’s more flexible than bone.

Front 9

Elastic cartilage

Back 9

has elastic fibers (elastin) that are added by cells with hyaline. It is super flexible and doesn’t have many nerves or blood vessels in it.

Front 10

What are the 5 types of bone?

Back 10

Lammelar (compact) Bone, Spongy (trabecular) bone, Dentin, enamel, acellular bone

Front 11

Lemmelar Bone

Back 11

Dermal armor layer 1. 66% HA. Haversian system. It has concentric layers around a haversian canal which contain an arteriole, venule, nerve, and lymph. It is for strength, remodeling, calcium storage.

Front 12

Spongy Bone

Back 12

Dermal armor layer 2. Hollowed out compact bone. It has arches which provide support structure and strength. It houses marrow, blood vessles, nerves, fat, and meopoietic tissue.

Front 13

Dentin

Back 13

Dermal armor layer 3. Made by odontoblasts (Neural Cranium). 72 or more % HA. Forms in the outer dermis. Frequently coated by enamel. The hardest bone. Uses accretionary growth—it grows, sinks, and comes back up.

Front 14

Enamel

Back 14

Dermal armor layer 4. 99% HA. Forms over dentin. Made by the ectoderm. Has a distinctive crystalline organization in mammal teeth.

Front 15

Acellular bone

Back 15

lacks osteocytes within bone matrix. Found in fossil lampreys. It’s basically the cementum—holds teeth in their sockets.

Front 16

Osteoblasts

Back 16

cells that deposit hydroxyapatite and make bone. They are trapped in lacunae fluid chanbers and remain interconnected by calaliculi.

Front 17

Hydroxyapitite

Back 17

Deposited by osteoblasts. calcium phosphate crystals forming a lattice in a collagenous matrix to stick to collagen fibers.

Front 18

Two types of bone?

Back 18

Membrane bone and Replacement Bones

Front 19

Replacement Bone

Back 19

Preformed in cartilage. Goes from fibroblasts to chondroblasts to making cartilage. Then osteoclasts come in to replace the hyaline with HA crystals. This produces spongy bone and allows for ontogenetic bone growth (long bone growth)

Front 20

Membrane bone

Back 20

formed directly from the mesenchyme—from NC or dermatome. Grows in sheets. Goes from Fibroblasts to osteoblasts to bone. Does not contain Haversian systems

Front 21

Epiphyses

Back 21

when osteoblasts colonize the ends of bone and create separate centers of ossification. They will create the bone plates which are the weak spots in the bone until it fuses.