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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multicultural Integration
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- Kymlicka's proposal to help with cultural representation in government
- against the eventual creation of a "common culture" (assimilation) - argues that people need recognition and protection for their distinct culture - "citizens from different cultures can recognize themselves and feel at home" |
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Deliberative Democracy
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- Young's approach to assure representation of all groups
- groups people not by culture for representation but rather by structural social groups which have similar interests |
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Multiculturalism
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- the belief that different cultures in a society ought to be respected
- Britain's policy: cultural groups should create their own organizational structure, safeguard their customs, and raise awareness |
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Liberationist Approach
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- seeks to transform sexual and gender norms so that everyone can express whatever sexual orientation they wish without fear of discrimination
- in regards to the same sex marriage debate, this approach is pro same sex marriage but believes that people must move beyond the idea of marriage as a patriarchal institution |
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Market Failure
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- when markets do not perform their expected functions (need to be efficient and to conform to social values)
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Social Policy
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- euphemism for welfare
- primary goals are to reduce poverty and income inequality and to stabilize incomes - moral aspect: no one should be left in abject poverty - Sweden's welfare state is notably extensive and helps to bolster its economy and keep unemployment rates very low, although globalization did mitigate the effects of the welfare state |
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Universal Entitlements
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- Benefits that governments provide to all citizens more or less equally, usually funded through taxation
- example in the US: public education |
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Social Insurance
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- provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to a public insurance fund
- examples in the US are Social Security and unemployment |
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Means-Tested Public Assistance
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- what most Americans think of as welfare
- examples in the US are food stamps and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) - individuals qualify when they fall under a certain income level |
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Welfare States
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- distinct systems of social policies that arose after WW2 in wealthy market economies, such as liberal welfare states, social democratic states, and Christian democratic welfare states
- Sweden is a notable welfare state, as its government has a high taxation rate and spends a lot of money on social policies |
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Social Democratic Welfare States
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- emphasize universal entitlements to achieve greater social equality and to promote equal citizenship
- eg. maternity leave, preschool, retirement pensions, job training - high rates of general taxation, tend to tax the wealthy more - Sweden is a primary example |
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Christian Democratic Welfare States
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- emphasize income stabilization to mitigate the effects of a market-induced income insecurity
- most common type of program is social insurance, which provides a relatively high portion of a family's insurance when the market fails to do so - benefits are tied to contributions to insurance plans - Germany is an example in which the system is run by NGO's overseen by employer and employee associations with the state providing a legal framework, and a system in which citizens can depend on a stable income once they join the workforce |
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Liberal Welfare States
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- focus on ensuring that all who can do gain their income in the market; these states are more concerned with preserving individual autonomy via market participation than with reducing poverty or inequality
- emphasize means tested public assistance, but social benefits for the poor don't raise them above the poverty level so that they still have incentive to work - the US is a prime example with it's capitalistic society which stresses economic freedom |
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Moral Hazard
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- created by insurance, occurs when someone does not bear the full consequences of his actions in a transaction, which gives him incentive to overuse a beneficial resource
- results from the disconnect between paying a fixed premium for care and the costs of the care itself - workers compensation tries to fix these types of problems by approving of care |
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National Health Insurance (NHI)
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- the government mandates that virtually all citizens must have insurance, and NHI countries typically allow and encourage multiple, private insurance providers while the government provides access to insurance to the self-employed or unemployed who do not have access via family members
- in most systems access is not specific to a particular employer - the government regulates the system - Germany is an example: all but the wealthiest have to belong to a "sickness fund" - problems are inequality of cost depending on the fund you belong to and cost containment, but the care quality is very high |
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National Health System (NHS)
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- often called a single-payer system
- government-financed and managed system into which all citizens pay - UK is an example, majority of medical professionals work directly for the government - problems are high waiting times, but the costs are low and the system is very cost-effective |
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Market-Based Private Insurance System
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- citizens typically gain insurance through their insurance and they rely on private insurance for the bulk of their health care
- no guarantee of health care to all citizens - example is the US, spends more on health care than any other country but results in outcome slightly lower than other wealthy countries |
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Tragedy of the Commons
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- caused by unregulated use of free goods like air, water, or public land
- no individual owns these things so there is little incentive to take care of it - example is air, which we all pollute but there is no collective effort to limit its use and abuse, so no individual has incentive to preserve it - also hurt by externalities of industry and the "race to the bottom" caused by globalization |
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Sustainable Development
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- economic development that can continue over the long term
- hard for developing countries because it tends to be more expensive, at least over the short term - if nonrenewable resources (ie coal and deforestation for fertile land) are being used quickly it is not sustainable - China has been working towards sustainable development in order to help the environment, mostly through command and control, fines, and taxes to de-incentivize unsustainable practices |
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Risk Assessment
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- tells us what the risks of damaging outcomes are
- used in environmental policy, eg. how bad the effects of global warming could be |
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Risk Management
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- policy used to keep risks to acceptable levels
- costs of reducing risks weighted against potential benefits - used in environmental policy, eg. how much do we have to change our lifestyles to keep global warming damages at "acceptable" levels |
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Precautionary Principle
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- emphasizes risk avoidance when the science predicting the risk is uncertain
- employed by the EU and its member states - answers the question: how much risk is acceptable? |
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Command and Control Policies
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- government limits allowable pollution, so businesses must reduce production or find ways to produce the same amount of goods with less pollution
- government needs to examine and monitor possible polluters - most SEPA programs in China have been command and control, though they have begun to utilize market-based policies as well |
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Cap and Trade System
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- the government sets an overall limit on how much of a pollutant is acceptable from an entire industry and issues vouchers to each company that gives it the right to a certain number of units of pollution
- companies can trade these vouchers - theory: pollution reduced in the most efficient way possible and at the least cost - results in high levels of pollution at particular sources - forcing polluters to internalize an externality |
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Environmental Justice Movement
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- focused on environmental damage in certain locales
- poorer areas tend to suffer more pollution and serve as dumping areas - example of the importance of civil society; if people don't speak up nothing will be done |
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Trade
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- the flow of goods and services across national borders
- trade has increased as a result of globalization |
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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- investment from abroad in productive activity in another country
- an example is a transnational corporation |
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Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
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- large firms that operate in multiple countries simultaneously, such as Shell oil
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International Capital Flows
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- have expanded as the virtual elimination of barriers to moving money across borders and improvement in global communications have resulted in more than a trillion dollars crossing international borders daily
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Hyperglobalization
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- thesis that globalization is so powerful that it will overwhelm the power of nation-states, forcing convergence of economic policies
- all governments must do what they can to attract capital, even wealthy ones |
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Convergence
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- all different types of economies are forced to conform to the logic of attracting global capital in a global economy
- counter-argument: countries can and are choosing unique means to respond to globalization's demands, and long-established domestic institutions heavily influence this response |
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Varieties of Capitalism Approach
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- focuses primarily on business firms and how they are governed in terms of their interactions with government, each other, workers, and sources of finance such as banks and stock markets
- questions hyperglobalization |
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Liberal Market Economies (LMEs)
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- rely more heavily on market relationships and short term profits, minimal government role
- example US and UK economies, in the UK especially after Thatcher's reforms - reforms made the UK more competitive globally but increased inequality |
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Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs)
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- involve more conscious coordination among firms, financiers, unions, and government
- focus on longer-term initiatives - example is Germany, hasn't had to change a lot as a result of globalization |
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Comparative Institutional Advantage
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- to help explain how different kinds of economies respond to the pressures of globalization
- the advantage of LMEs is in their flexible market relationahips - the advantage of CMEs is in adjusting but maintaining their coordination mechanisms in response to globalization |
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Dual Convergence
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- as a result of globalization, convergence is occurring within both LMEs and CMEs
- however, the differences between both of these economies remain and will probably become greater |
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Export-Oriented Growth (EOG)
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- development policy based on encouraging economic growth via exports of goods and services, usually starting with light manufacturing such as textiles
- eg. South Korea's economic "miracle", went from ISI to EOG |
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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- launched by the UN, a set of targets to reduce poverty and hunger, improve education and health, improve the status of women, and achieve environmental sustainability
- want an increase in aid; a large enough volume targeted the right way can end African poverty in our lifetime - critics believe it will leave Africa dependent on the west |
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Revolutions From Above
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- mostly changes because the political elite chooses to abandon the old system
- massive and violent uprisings are not usually necessary - eg. the end of communism in Eastern Europe, outcomes negotiated among political elites, each with the backing of a segment of the populace |
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Revolutions From Below
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- the mass uprising of the populace to overthrow the government is a central part of the process
- eg. the Russian revolution, the storming of the Bastille etc. |
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Political Violence
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- the use of violence by nonstate actors for political ends
- could be applied to both revolution and terrorism |
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Terrorism
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- political violence targeted at civilian noncombatants
- terrorism is a means, not always used to overthrow a state (as revolutions always are) - eg. the Taliban tend to ignore the state, not concerned with building a new one |
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Transition to Democracy
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- a type of transition with a negotiated process that removes an authoritarian regime and concludes with a founding election for a new, democratic regime
- eg. the US's intervention resulting in "democratic elections" in Afghanistan |
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Hardliners and Sofliners
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- when an authoritarian regime faces a crisis out of which democracy could emerge, its leadership would split into hardliners and softliners
- hardliners believed in repressing any opposition and preserving the status quo while softliners were willing to consider compromising with opponents as a means to survive the crisis - theorists say that understanding elite is crucial to understanding the transition to democracy, ideas based mainly on Southern Europe and Latin America |
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Radicals and Moderates
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- crisis that causes transition to democracy would produce a surge in the activity of civil society, which would demand fundamental political reforms
- civil society would divide between radicals and moderates - radicals wanted immediate and complete democratization - moderates were willing to compromise with the authoritarian government to make some gains |
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Pact
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- a conscious agreement among the most important political actors in the regime and in civil society to establish a new form of government
- part of the ideal process - usually proceeded by political liberalization |
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Political Liberalization
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- the opening of the political system to greater participation such as legalizing opposition parties, lifting restrictions on the media, and guaranteeing basic human rights
- usually proceeds a pact |
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Founding Election
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- usually follows a pact
- first democratic election and would mark the completion of the transition |
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Democratic Consolidation
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- the idea that democracy has become widely accepted as the permanent form of political activity in a particular country, the "only game in town"
- necessary for a democracy to last, faith in the future is essential - when is consolidation sure? Huntington's "two-turnover test" - according to this Mexico does not qualify yet |
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Hybrid Regime
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- mixes elements of democracy with authoritarian rule
- sometime happens after a democratic transition if there is not enough democratic consolidation |
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Democratic Deepening
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- improvement in the quality of democracy, including the extent of participation, rule of law, and vertical and horizontal accountability
- helps with democratic consolidation |
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Delegative Democracies
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- free and fair elections take place but neither vertical nor horizontal accountability is strong enough to prevent the emergence of elected executives with nearly unlimited power
- argued that this is true of many Latin American regimes - can also be called illiberal democracies |
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Competitive Authoritarian
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- hybrid regimes that allow the existence of formal opposition and some open political debate and hold elections, however, although they have the appearance of being democratic they are not so
- another name for delegative or illiberal democracies - the image of democracy gives these countries the legitimacy that they desire on a global scale |
