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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empiricism
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The view that knowledge should be based on experience and observation
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Survey
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A research method in which predetermined, formatted questions are distributed to relatively large numbers of people. You can respond with phone, mail, e-mail, or Web Site.
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Focus group
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Small group of people brought together to discuss a topic of interest to the researcher.
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Qualitative research
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A research approach based on the use of language rather than numbers to report and interpret human behavior.
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Qualitative research
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A research approach based on the use of language rather than numbers to report and interpret human behavior.
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Quantitative research
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A research approach based on measurement, counting, and, typically, statistical analysis.
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Content Analysis
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A quantitative, systematic technique for categorizing and describing the manifest content of recorded communications.
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What are the 3 stages of research?
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Problem posing, problem solving, and peer persuasion
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Pilot study
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A prototype or pretest. A small study conducted prior to a full-scale study to ensure that the full-scale study will work successfully.
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Peer review
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The process of assessing scholarly research by others working in the same field
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What is a primary source?
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Come directly from the author or researcher
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What is a secondary source?
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Doesn't come directly from the researcher.
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What is a variable?
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Is a set of attributes (sex)
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Independent variable
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Is something that can manipulate what is being observed.
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Dependent variable
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Is what is being observed.
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Theory
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Something that you can't be 100% sure, it is an explanation about why something is happening.
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What are the 4 functions of theory?
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Description, explanation, prediction, control.
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Induction
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Reasoning's from observations to a theory that might explain your observations.
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Deduction
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Moves from a theory to defining the observations you will make to test the theory.
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Hypothesis
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States a relationship between variables.
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Anonymity
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Goes a step further says the data you collect from the them doesn't identify them.
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Confidentiality
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Means you will not release any information to identify participents.
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Informed consent
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The process by which potential research participants are informed of the nature of the research and given the opportunity to sign or not sign a voluntary agreement to participate.
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Tuskegee syphilis study
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Blacks were mislead, but were given small perks, whites led them to believe that they had syphilis.
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Nuremburg Code
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Research subjects must have consent. Benefits of the research must outweigh the risk.
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Belmont Code
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Every research institutions involving people, needs to be respected.
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Institutional review Boards (IRBs)
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Pays attention to our students, it protects our students, goes through board to be reviewed all research.
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What are three principles for ethical research?
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Benefit, Respect, and Justice
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Database
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A collection of scholarly articles that can be searched electronically.
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Search engine
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Device such as Google or Yahoo that retrieves information from the Web
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APA style
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Used by many communication scholars to reference other peoples work.
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What are the 4 levels of measurement?
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Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
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Lickert-Scale
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A scale on which respondents record their reaction to a statement by checking their level of agreement between "strongly agree" and "strongly disagree"
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The Lickert-Scale is most typically used with?
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The interval scale of measurement.
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What are the 4 types of validity?
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Face,Content, Criterion, Construct
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Informant
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Are people selected because they can talk about others as well as themselves.
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Respondent
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On the other hand are basically defined as speaking for themselves.
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Interviewees
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Are, self-apparently, people who are interviewed, they can be BOTH informants and respondents.
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Participants
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People known to be apart of a research project.
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Subject
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Is less likely to be used, as that term is associated primarily with experimental method.
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Interviews
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Are a series of questions that the researcher is interested in.
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Fully structured interviews
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Means that the interviewer becomes not much more than a recording device.
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Semi-structured interviews
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Dictate the broad questions to be asked, but the interviewer has discretion on how the questions will be asked.
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Unstructured interviews
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Come from the researcher's decision that he or she needs to understand communication phenomena in the informants' own words.
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Focus Groups
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Are good for picking up new, "buzz words"
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Unobtrusive Measures
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Document people's behavior without their being aware of it.
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Conceptualization
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A pair of socks is dirty after 24 hours.
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Operationalization
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How often do you wear a pair of socks longer then 24 hrs.
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Fixed Coding
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You define the factors about what is important about the subject.
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Flexible Coding
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It puts aside what you think to expect.
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What are 3 advantages and 4 disadvantages of surveys?
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Advantages
1. Surveys is a way that respondents can answer a large number of questions rapidly. 2. People can be surveyed rapidly. 3. With enough people being surveyed you can make generalizations from a wide range of population. Disadvantages 1. Respondents are limited to response options when selecting from Likert's scale 2. Don't allow us to access causal relationships 3. Unwillingness for people to participate in them 4. And validity of answers |
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Cross-sectional survey
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"snap-shot" of a certain time, and what a population thinks about something at a particular period of time
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Trend survey
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What peopel have thought as time has progressed, its like telling a presidents story, what is it telling us
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Panel survey
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The same people are called and interviewed at least 2 times
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Cohort survey
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People in the same area are selected
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Open-ended questions
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Allow respondents to answer in their own words. Your able to get a better insight.
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Dichotomous questions
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Force respondents to choose one of two possible answers
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Multiple-Choice questions
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Provide respondents with several possible answers and depending on the precise question format, ask them to select one or more answers or to rank order them.
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Likert Scale questions
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Are statements whith which respondents are asked to locate their level of agreement somewhere between "strongly agree" and "strongly disagree"
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Problems with survey writing: "Double-Barreled" questions
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Ask two questions simultaneously but allow for only one answer
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Problems with survey writing: "Social desirability bias" questions
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Social desirability bias is the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of phone surveys?
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Advantage
1. Can survey large samples in a short time Disadvantage 1. Typically limited to a few short quesitons |
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of mail surveys?
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Advantage
1. Give respondents time to consider questions and the ability to answer questions in any order Disadvantage 1. Low response rate |
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What is an advantage and disadvantage of internet surveys?
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Advantage
1. Can be administered quickly, flexibly, and inexpensively. Disadvantage 1. Results reflect the views of those who choose to respond and may not be scientifically valid. |
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Population v. sampling frame
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Population- Every individual or item of a type you want to study. The entire set of individuals or items from which a sample is drawn.
Sampling frame- the master list from which the sample is selected |
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Causal Relationships
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A relationship between variables in which changes in one demonstrably result in changes in another
ie.. To figure out a relationship between two variables researchers need to conduct experimental research |
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What are the three elements of causality?
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1. Association
2. Temporal ordering 3. Eliminating alternatives |
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Covariance
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A relationship between variables in which the values of one variable change as the values of another variable change
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Experimental research and reliability
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A measure of the extent to which a test or measure performs consistently.
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What is control?
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In experimental design control refers to an experimental group that does not receive any experimental treatment in order to provide a baseline for measuring changes that might occur in other groups. As a goal of research control refers to gaining information about human behavior in order to be able to control it.
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What is a control group?
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Experimental group not exposed to any experimental variable.
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Random Assignment
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The use of random selection to assign research participants to experimental groups.
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Frequency
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The number of times a particular score or result occurs. Commonly reported in the form of frequency tables.
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Frequency Tables
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A table showing the number of times that scores from data set occur.
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Mode
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The most frequent score in a set of scores
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Mean
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The average set of scores
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Median
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The midpoint of a set of scores
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Range
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The difference between the maximum value and the minimum value for a given variable.
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Variance
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A measure of the extent to which scores vary on either side of their mean value. The square root of the standard deviation.
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Standard deviation
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A measure of the extent to which scores vary on either side of their mean value. The square root of variance.
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What is the best visual representation of nominal data?
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Pie chart, its the best way to get a percentage
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What is the best visual representation of Ordinal data?
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Bar chart, but it depends on the amount of changes
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What is the best visual representation of Interval/Ratio?
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Histogram
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Range
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the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value for a given variable
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variance
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a measure of the extent to which scores vary on either side of the mean value
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Population distribution/mean vs sample distribution/mean
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a probability distribution that determines probabilities of the possible values of sample statistics.
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Sampling distribution
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the distribution of our sample results, the sampling distribution of the sample mean is centered around the true population
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Confidence level/interval
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a range of values, estimated from a sample, within which a value for a population is estimated to fall
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What does the 1936 Gallup vs Literary digest forecast illustrate about sampling?
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Was a mega survey mailed out to car and telephone users(rich people) that indicated that the republican was supposed to win. Lead to random sampling. Scientific sampling method that stated that how you same is important.
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Census
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study of every member of a population
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Sample
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a selected segment of a population presumed to represent that population
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Convenience
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based on convenience to the researcher, people who are available
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Quota
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attempts to replicate in a sample the features that the researcher thinks are important in the population, important in market research, ratios are important and samples are smaller
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Snowball
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when you rely on members of a network to introduce you to other member of the network, used to find a hard group of people
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Simple random
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most common of probability sampling
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Systematic
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sampling by selecting every nth unit from a population
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Stratified
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sampling in which randomly selected units from small or minority populations are forced into the sample to ensure that they are represented in proportion to their presence in the population.
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Cluster sample
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more about geographical areas
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Association
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2 variables must change together. When one changes the other will change with it. Change in IV leads to change in DV
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Causal relationship
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a relationship between variables in which changes in one demonstrably result in changes in another
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Temporal order
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the cause must precede the effect
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Random assignment
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the use of random selection to assign research participants to experimental groups.
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Mode
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most frequent score, nominal ordinal interval ratio
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Mean
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average score, interval ratio
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Median
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midrange score, nominal ordinal interval ratio
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Trend
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shows overtime, but different samples from the population each time.
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Panel
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people are surveyed at least twice (more time, more money)
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Cohort
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people with same experience are polled
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