Cog Sci Midterm

Front 1

What are the steps to analogies?

Back 1

1-Retrieval

2-Mapping

3-Transfer

4-Evaluation

5-Storage

Front 2

What are involved in each of these steps?

Back 2

Retrieval is finding something in your memory to make an analogy to.

Mapping is finding correspondences between two things.

Transfer is using knowledge of one thing to learn something about the other.

Evaluation was the transfer successful

Storage is the memory to use this analogy in the future.

Front 3

What is exemplar based reasoning?

Back 3

Particular examples rather than rules or prototypes.

Front 4

What is memory based reasoning?

Back 4

Memories rather than abstract reasoning.

Front 5

What is instance based reasoning?

Back 5

Same as exemplar

Front 6

What is case based reasoning?

Back 6

Reasons based on cases of memory;AI field.

Front 7

What is analogical based reasoning?

Back 7

Use of distant analogies.

Front 8

What are primary scene metaphors?

Back 8

Representations of experiences everyone has.

Front 9

What is correlation based metaphors?

Back 9

Correlating two things. The base metaphor is the sensory and the target is the abstract.

Front 10

What is language?

Back 10

Set of symbols that are arranged to form a language.

Front 11

What is natural language?

Back 11

Created by humans and cultures.

Front 12

What is artificial language?

Back 12

Created by individuals or small groups.

Front 13

What is computer language?

Back 13

Artificial language made to communicate with computers.

Front 14

What is zooemiotics?

Back 14

Animal communication

Front 15

How is human language implicit?

Back 15

We know the language but dont know how we know it.

Front 16

What is logic?

Back 16

Formal system of reasoning.

Front 17

What is an anchor in cog biases?

Back 17

What you compare to when you evaluate something.(book to the movie)

Front 18

What is the band wagon effect?

Back 18

Believing something because everyone else believes it.

Front 19

What is the herd instinct?

Back 19

Believing what everyone else believes to avoid conflict.

Front 20

What is confirmation bias?

Back 20

Accepting things that confirm your views.

Front 21

Contrast effect?

Back 21

Focusing on the differences when looking at two things.

Front 22

Distinction bias?

Back 22

When viewing things at the same time, they will appear more different.

Front 23

Endowment effect?

Back 23

Once you own something, you value it more. Demand more when giving something up.

Front 24

Hostile media effect?

Back 24

You tend to think the news is being hostile toward your political views.

Front 25

Temporal discounting?

Back 25

Things in the future are less valued.

Front 26

Moral credential effect?

Back 26

Thinking you have acted morally will allow yourself to act badly.

Front 27

Negativity bias?

Back 27

Paying more attention to negative info.

Front 28

Omission bias?

Back 28

Doing harm is worse than doing nothing that causes equal harm.

Front 29

Outcome bias?

Back 29

Judging a decision based on what happened rather than available info.

Front 30

Planning fallacy?

Back 30

Underestimating how long something will take in the future.

Front 31

Wishful thinking?

Back 31

Believing something cause you want it to be true.

Front 32

Availability heuristic?

Back 32

Assuming things that are more memorable are more common/probable.

Front 33

Base rate neglect?

Back 33

Because a disease test is 90% accurate doesnt mean you likely have a 90% chance of having that disease is the test is positive.

Front 34

Belief bias?

Back 34

Accepting something cause you believe the conclusion.

Front 35

Conjunction fallacy?

Back 35

The conjunction of two things is bigger than the whole.

Front 36

Pareidolia/clustering illusion?

Back 36

Ways of seeing patterns where none really exist.

Front 37

Recency effect?

Back 37

Remembering the beginning and endings more than other parts.

Front 38

Just world phenomenon?

Back 38

Thinking the world is a just place, youll tend to look for reasons to blame victims of inexplicable happenings.

Front 39

Explain the 10% of our brain myth.

Back 39

Parts of our brain would be evolved to not be used. We use all of our brain but damage will cause deficiencies.

Front 40

Explain ESP myth.

Back 40

People may believe ESP because of confirmation bias or wishful thinking.

Front 41

Explain Mozart and smart babies myth.

Back 41

The effect of listening to Mozart on babies is small and short term.

Front 42

I.Q test is biased myth

Back 42

If I.Q test were biased they would over predict and under predict future success for certain groups

Front 43

Money creates happiness myth.

Back 43

Money can make you happy until you make 75 k and more a year.

Front 44

Life events cause happiness myth.

Back 44

You will return back the level of happiness after unhappy things happen. 60% of happiness is genetics.

Front 45

Childhood abuse leads to disorders myth.

Back 45

Weakly correlated. Conflict ridden homes cause disorders.

Front 46

AI is a failure myth.

Back 46

AI is a constant moving goal post.

Front 47

Full moon and people acting strange myth.

Back 47

People will act strange and normal both during a full moon and not a full moon.

Front 48

What two stages of sleep are there?

Back 48

REM and NREM

Front 49

What is NREM?

Back 49

Non rapid eye movement stage accounts for 75% of our sleep and is characterized by unmemorable dreams.

Front 50

What is REM?

Back 50

Rapid eye movement stage. Characterized by muscle atonia(relaxation) and dreaming.

Front 51

What is the DLPFC?

Back 51

Region in the brain that is deactivated when sleeping causing the reasoning in dreams to be weird and reduced.

Front 52

Who can recall dreams and who cant?

Back 52

Typically people can recall their dreams however we have this feeling that there was more to the dream than we can remember. Infants and animals cannot recall dreams.

Front 53

What are dreams characterized by?

Back 53

Scene shifts, 1st person narrative, dream emotion match content emotion, rarely bizarre; we remember the bizarre ones more.

Front 54

What is threat simulation theory?

Back 54

Dreams major functions are to deal with threats that our ancestors dealt with. Monsters and animals are common dreams as well as things we will never experience.

Front 55

What is lucid dreaming?

Back 55

You know you're dreaming and can control what happens.

Front 56

What is sleep paralysis?

Back 56

You are awake but you cont move and terrifying hallucinations occur.