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66 Cards in this Set
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What: Etruria, Southern Italy W- Tyrrhenian Sea S&E - Tiber River N- Apennine Mountains Significance: -more culturally advanced than Romans at 1st -Climate better for Agriculture and Forestry -Trading made their success -had sandstone and limestone (No Marble) -wood building - Coastal Regions = Iron, copper, Lead, Tin, Mercury -Grain, Grapes, Olives, Linen -Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pigs and Poultry all domesticated -Fishing is shallow ports |
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Roman Word Etrusci = english Etruscan Roman Tusci = Tuscany Greek word = Tyrrhenian Sea Etruscans Called selves the Rasenna 1)Herodotus -Descendants from Lydian sailors (12th Cent) -Prince Tyrrhenius took half of Lydia 's pop and settled in Etruria -Homeric tales 2) Dionysius of Halicarnassus -dont have same Lydian Language, institutions, religions ect. -Etruscans are an indigenous group to the area -the proto Indo-European language similarities may suggest connection 3) Material Remains -commonalities with central Europe |
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What: Living Huts Where: Palatine Hill, Rome When: Italian Bronze Age c.2000-1000 Significance: - Small clusters of huts (100-200 people) -located on small plateaus or hills -no hierarchy -Egalitarian -no collection of wealth - just survival -subsistance level farmers -buried dead in cemeteries just outside village |
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What: Wattle and Daub hut Reconstruction Where: ---- When: 8th cent (reconstruction) Significance: - How the people lived and materials at use -straw and branches roof -clay, mud and manure coating -small (16ft x 12ft approx) 1 room places -Decorated? maybe from Villanovan Cinerary hut urn evidence?? |
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What: Villanovan Hut Urns Where: Villanovan, Italy When: 8th Cent Significance: -made from bronze or clay -replications of the houses they lived in -decoration - acroteria -put inside pozzo tombs with ashes within |
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What: Impasto Urn Where: Narce When: 8th cent Significance: - Etruscan pottery was Impasto - Hand made, lumpy clay -geometric decor -Utilitarian ware -Bi-conical urn (2 peices) - Helmet = men , pots= women |
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What: Grave Assemblage Where: Sala Consilina When: early Iron Age Significance: - show grave goods ( rich enough to have goods) - bronze and Clay -Geometric decor -Urn = woman - House Urn = child (only a theory) -specialized skilled workers now (social stratification) |
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What: Pozzo Tombs Where: Rome (Via Sacra) and Velletri (Corbell-vaulted) When: Early Iron Age Significance: - Grave goods -Social Stratification -either in a pot (Dolium) OR a corel vaulted tomb |
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What: Villanovan Impasto Vessels Where: Caere, Italy When: 8th cent Significance: - Impasto pottery -Simple shapes and Geometric designs -Utilitarian ware -Hand-made and lumpy -Clay not fine, rocks sometimes -specialized skill and social stratification |
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What: Villanovan Bronze Helmet Where: Found in Grave (Biconical Urn) When: 8th Cent Significance: -Bronze emerges -better skilled people -more social stratification and specialized skills -technology better = work with harder material/ more detailed decor -Elite intrest in warfare |
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What: Bronze Urn Where: Bisenzo, Italy When: ca. 710 BC Significance: -more details -bronze working and specialized skill -geometric designs still (but more) -Shows narrative -2 handles |
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What: Tomb of the Bulls Where: Tarquinii When: 540-520 BC Significance: - Tombs are evidence for cultural, social, historical info -limits and bias of info tho (elite normally) -show mythical and domesticated animals |
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What: Achilles &Troilus Where: Tomb of the Bulls - Tarquinii When: 540-520 BC Significance: Myth - youngest son of Pryam must die before adulthood or Troy won't fall. -Achilles kills him while at fountain watering his horse. (Why in an Etruscan Tomb? Greek ancestery?) |
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What: Tomb of the Bulls Where: Tarquinii When: 540-520 BC Significance: - What are you Viewing? -How are you suppose to view it? -Bias and undescribed -elite symbolism? -Oracles? Family tomb? Unknown. |
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What: Tomb of the Baron Where: Tarquinii When: Late 6th Cent Significance: -Shows agricultural inclination and dependance -Domesticated horses -worship importance- religion/ belief system -grain production -society rich enough to have elaborate tombs |
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What: Tomb of the Augurs where: Tarquinii When: 510 bc Significance: -Tarquinii most significant place for tomb paintings -rich enough to have wealthy tombs -worship/beliefs present |
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What: Terracotta Sarcophagus Where: Caere When: 530 BC Significance: -people buried now -family importance - women in society -skilled specialists -kiln big enough to make- would have 2 casts to attached and mass produce them |
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What: Gladiatorial Games Where: Tomb of the Augurs - Tarquinii When: 510 Bc Significance: - Importance of athleteics in society -part of funerary practices ( Prothesis, Procession, Games) -violent and war-like society -able to show wealth and status -Celebrate death |
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What: Tomb of the Thatched Roof Where: Caere When: 7th cent Significance: - Want to buried in what looks like a home -connection with roots -look like wattle and daub huts - cinerary urns also look like houses 8th cent -Orientalizing period this house theme continues |
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what: Inghirami Tomb and Cinerary Urn Where: Volterra When: 2nd Cent Significance: -- Want to buried in what looks like a home -connection with roots -look like wattle and daub huts - cinerary urns also look like houses 8th cent -Orientalizing period this house theme continues -family and divine important -banqueting impotrtant -mixed cinerary and burial custum -vary city to city |
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What: Micali Painter, Hydria Where: Vulci When: c.510 Significance: - Prothesis - laying out of the body -Procession - sometimes followed by funerary games -hand to head = mourners -funerary practices |
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What: Tydeus & Melanippus Where: Pyrgi, Temple A When: c.460 Significance: - the 7 against Thebes -myth with greek city shown in Etruscan temple -defender of city has fallen and Tydeus eats brains -Athena wont help Tydeus anymore- wrong -Shows greeks in bad light- barbaric almost -Why these motifs???? |
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What: Augur Where: Francois Tomb, Vulci When: 330-310 BC Significance: - show religious practices -augurs watch signs - birds flight, entrails ect. -Haruspex - liver reading -Religion! -etruscans considered sleves very religious --had a revealed religion (given religion by gods) |
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What: Sarcophagus of Laris Pulena Where: Tarquinii When: mid 3rd cent Significance: - Language -used greek alphabet but added new symbols for sounds -had to develop for trading purposes -inscriptions somewhat hard to decipher and understand- they are short |
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What: Tumulus tombs Where: Banditaccia necropolis Caere When: c.700-500 Significance: - Tumulus = to make large mound over chamber tomb -1 small entrance to get in - The larger the mound the more prestige ( makes the whole tomb look larger -Caere survives because on area not re-built on (Hill/plain of city) |
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What: tholos tomb Where: Montagnola Tomb, Quinto Fiorentino When: ca. 600 Significance: - Tholos tomb vs chamber tomb -bee-hive shaped -all rock cut - ashlar masonry? -dromos = enternce way |
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What: Regolini Galassi Tomb When: c.650 BC Significance: -some of best preserved evidence -Orientalizing period -cut into bedrock and used ashlar (quarried stone) -corbelled vaulting with lintel stone at top -3 burials (2 inhumations, 1 cremation) -larthia = wealthy woman -Tumulus on top = status |
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What: Larthia’s gravegoods - Gold Pectoral When: c.650 BC Where: Regolini Galassi Tomb - Caere Significance: - how wealthy of women in society - importance -very rich burial - society able to have these things - tons of gold and gilded silver item -craftmenship -was excavated in 1836 - put in private collection ( now at Vatican) |
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What: Larthia’s gravegoods - Gold Bracelet When: c.650 BC Where: Regolini Galassi Tomb - Caere Significance: - how wealthy of women in society - importance -very rich burial - society able to have these things - tons of gold and gilded silver item -Craftmenship -was excavated in 1836 - put in private collection ( now at Vatican) |
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What: Larthia’s gravegoods - Gold Fibulae (4 of 18) When: c.650 BC Where: Regolini Galassi Tomb - Caere Significance: - how wealthy of women in society - importance -very rich burial - society able to have these things - tons of gold and gilded silver item -Craftmenship -was excavated in 1836 - put in private collection ( now at Vatican) |
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What: Larthia’s gravegoods - Gold Bracelet When: c.650 BC Where: Regolini Galassi Tomb - Caere Significance: - how wealthy of women in society - importance -very rich burial - society able to have these things - tons of gold and gilded silver item -Craftmenship -was "excavated" in 1836 - put in private collection ( now at Vatican) |
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What: Larthia’s gravegoods - Gilded Silver Bowl When: c.650 BC Where: Regolini Galassi Tomb - Caere Significance: - how wealthy of women in society - importance -very rich burial - society able to have these things - tons of gold and gilded silver item -Craftmenship -was "excavated" in 1836 - put in private collection ( now at Vatican) |
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What: Larthia’s gravegoods - Bronze Cauldron with Lion head Protomes When: c.650 BC Where: Regolini Galassi Tomb - Caere Significance: -protomes for protection? like Acroteria -apotropaic (help turn away evil) - how wealthy of women in society- importance -very rich burial - society able to have these things - tons of gold and gilded silver item -Craftmenship -was "excavated" in 1836 - put in private collection ( now at Vatican) |
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What: Terracotta Figured biconical urn Where: Montescudaio When:, 650 B.C. Significance: -Figures like Protomes -person buried on top represented? -hand on chest- motif --geometric design still -but narrative and figures present -fired clay (started in 7th cent) |
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What: Krater signed by Aristonothos Where: Caere When: mid 7th C Significance: - Wheel- made -New technology - finer and thinner wares -quicker to make -wheel probably imported from Greece -black figure pottery -Orientalizing period |
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What: tegula, imbrex, antefix, acroterial Where: When: 7th cent Significance: -Imbrex curved tile -used between 2 flat tiles to cover the space/seam -acroterial is decoration -antefix at the end of the roof |
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What: Terracotta roof tiles- Where: Acquarossa house When: Orientalizing Period (late 7th cent - 6th cent) Significance: - terracotta using -white on red painted decoration -roof tiles = improving housing -Demartus- comes from Corinth and teaches how to use terracotta -good information -placed over wooden frame |
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What: Terracotta Friezes around courtyard (Horsemen, Symposium, assembly of gods or aristocrats) Where: Poggio Civitate (=hill near Murlo) When: approx 600 bc Significance: - terracotta versitale and used a lot -courtyard huge space - meetings held here? -central meeting space for surrounding area? -show slaves and elites = heirarchal status |
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What: Sphinx and Enthroned figure Acroteria Where: Poggio Civitate (=hill near Murlo) When: approx 600 bc Significance: -Symbols of Prestige -mythical animals= protection -roof decor -technical innovation = new styles |
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What: Stele Where: tarquinii When: Early 6th Cent Significance: - etruscan culture influenced by foreign trade (Roman helmet depicted) -Etruscan Bucchero vases and shapes being copied by Greeks |
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What:Foundation Ceremony for the Roman Colony of Aquileia Relief Where: Roman Colony of Aquileia When: Late 6th cent - archaic Period Significance: - Etruscan expansion and colonies at time -Plough sacred boundary of city -major and minor roads made -grid pattern -city planning |
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What: Marzabotto Where: Marzabotto, Po Valley settlement When: late 6thC Significance: -orthogonal, cardinal grid -set up city -sacred boundary -2 necroplois' and Acropolis (hightest point) -city blocks = 7-8 houses |
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What: Banditaccia Necropolis Tombs When: c.700-500 Where: Caere Significance: -tumulus -no organization/ structure to necropolis -unlike Archaic period - Tumulus = to make large mound over chamber tomb -1 small entrance to get in - The larger the mound the more prestige (makes the whole tomb look larger) -Caere survives because on area not re-built on(Hill/plain of city) |
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What:Orvieto, Necropolis, Where: Orvieto, When: begun 6th C Significance: - shows the organizations and city like grid of their cemeteries -ashlar masonry and straight ridgid lines -clear grid patterns |
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What: Terracotta Temples- Model of Sanctuary of Minerva Where: Portonaccio When: 6th cent Significance: - shows terracotta scultpure -shows temple designs -high podium -strict frontal access -pronoas - porch with columns Cellas- inclosed room -number of rooms = number of gods worhsipped -space between columns bigger than Classical (lighter materials) |
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What: Terracotta model of temple Where: Teano When: Archaic period Significance: - shows terracotta scultpure -shows temple designs -high podium -strict frontal access -pronoas - porch with columns Cellas- inclosed room -number of rooms = number of gods worhsipped -space between columns bigger than Classical ( lighter materials) |
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What: Capitolium Reconstruction Where: Cosa When: Archaic Period Significance: - Shows the detailed decoration on roofs -terracotta -Architrave- sits on the columns -Mutudles - sticks out over top -Joists -rafters -all wooden and covered in terracotta decor/ tiles Antefexs -ending -Protection and Embellishment |
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What: Portonaccio Temple Where: Veii When: c. 510-500 BC Significance: -Shows the temple and structure -Rood is terracotta -wood everything else -only have foundation and roof remaining usually -life sized figures on roof ( preserved) -statues made in Vulca -all associated with Apollo ( leto, hermes,) - have archaic Smile Hollow inside |
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What:Portonaccio Temple Where:Veii When:c. 510-500 BC Significance: -life sized figures on roof ( preserved) -statues made in Vulca -all associated with Apollo ( leto, hermes,) - have archaic Smile -Hollow inside |
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What: terracotta pedimental decoration Where:Talamone, When: mid 2nd C Significance: - Pediment decor -thin terracotta to depict scenes -show heros and gods - gives sense of what it was like in life |
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What: Late Etruscan tomb with Tuscan column Where: Caere When: Archaic period Significance: -very etruscan in style -Shaft= curved or flat sided (not fluted) -Top= like doric (has abacus -flat top- and echinus -pillow shape-) -Bottom= like ionic column -Adapt not adopt |
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What: nenfro carvings from tombs Where: Vulci When: c. 550/ 520/ 6th cent Significance: - boy on hippocamp -used a grave markers -mythical to guard and scare off people -use 2 at the entrance -volcanic stone only used at tombs (not temples) |
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What: “Clusine reliefs” Where: Chiusi(anc. Clusium) When: ea. to mid 5th C Significance: -carved in limestone and 2 sided sarcophagus - can carve stone so why not in temples? - religious reasons? architectural reasons? ect. -prothesis/ banqueting happening here |
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What: Bronze Sculpture Where: Vulci, Tomb of Isis, When: mid. 6th C Significance: - started using in early iron age - continue to work on skills -good skill and specialized craftsmen - don't have a large scale bronze sculpture left |
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What: Tomb of Hunting & Fishing Where: Tarquinii When:530 BC Significance: - Tarquinii best evidence for Archaic wall painting - Paint onto wet plaster = preservation better -shows whats important to elites - context |
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What: Tomb of the Lionesses Where:Tarquinii, When: ca. 520-510 Significance: - fish and dolphins in sea -see giant krater ( mixing bowl for wine) -top see depiction of center beam ( like house) - paint on wet plaster - have differnt registers ( Sections) of imagery |
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What: inscribed Bucchero cup Where: Vetulonia, When: ea. 6th C Significance: - Etruscan Bucchero -Black and shiny pottery -since the Bronze Age - Roller designs - more simple than black fig. |
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What:Tomb of the Augurs, Where: Tarquinii, When: ca. 530-520 Significance: - giant door with Augurs on each side -hand to head mourning motif again -dog fighting and wrestling = funerary games? - wet plaster painting -idea of societal practices |
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What: Caeretan black figure hydria, Where: Caere When: late 6th C Significance: -Black figure now - wheel made pottery -detailed work -skilled and specialized workers -used as table ware but found in tombs (banqueting) |
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What: Boccanera plaques, Where: Caere, When: ca. 560-550 Significance; - earliest terracotta paintings -plaster on walls and then paint on wet (terracotta fixes the flacking off) - Myth of the judgement of Paris - greek theme/ myth |
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What: black figure amphora from Ivy Leaf group, Where: Vulci When; late 6th C Significance: - Dionysis - Greek myths - black figure- details incised -used as table ware but found in tombs (banqueting) |
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What:Micali Painter vessel When: late 6thC Significance: - show conflict with the greeks? Make greeks look bad -Satrys -black figure pottery - incised details -archaic decor (floral ect.) |
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What: Tomb of the Capitals, Where: Caere, When: 6th C Significance: -have tuscan columns -to look like houses - have seats around edge -roof to look like beams - commemorating roots -new atrium houses -all stone - built in bedrock -capitals have decor on them |
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What:Micali Painter, Tyrrhenian pirates When: , late 6thC Significance: - tyrhennian Pirates? -make greeks look bad - black figure pottery |
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What: Late Etruscan tomb with atrium & compluvium, AND Etruscan model of atrium house with impluvium, Chiusi Where: Tomba di Mercareccia, Tarquinii When: 4th or 3rd C Significance: - impluviums and conpluviums -atrium houses -artium, porch |
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What:Tomb of Shields and Chairs, Where:Caere, When:ca. 600 Significance: - Atrium house look-a-like - shows inpluvium and compluvium outlines -reflect current homes - wall decor of sheilds - warriors? |
