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66 Cards in this Set
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What: Etruscan Helmet Who: ---- When: 474 BCE Where: Olympia Significance: - dedicated after the Syracusan victory at Cumae -Greeks in mainland Italy felt threatened -greek colonies in Campainia asked ppl of syracuse for help (sent fleet to help) -384 syracuse/greeks get into Etruria Proper - shift of trade power, routes and allies -Tyrrhenian sea ports can't use anymore -shift to eastern port -shift in prosperity of regions ( etruscans start to decline) |
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What: Spina wooden pilings Who: ---- When: ca. 500 Where: Po River and Adriatic Sea, Spina Significance: -at mouth of the river -river deposits over site so prone to silt and soil coming down -canal city -wooden pilings used for foundations to build upon -etruscans very good at water management -move to eastern ports - economic differences -a focus more on local goods |
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What: Bronze Chimera Who: --- When: early 4th cent Where: Arezzo Significance: -less greek art is reaching etruscan proper than before -classical art slowly spreads -pouncing movement -all heads in different direction = fluidity and movement - not quite classical in style - mane and hair is very stylized/cookie cutter |
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What: Applied Red figure Amphora Who: the Praxias Group When: c. 470 BCE Where: --- Significance: -red figure took longer to reach etruria -etruscan potters didnt use Athenian technology -was painted instead of using a clay slip -proportions of the body are not good |
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What: Tomb of Aninas Who: --- When: 3rd cent Where: Tarquinii Significance: - doors = an etruscan theme in art -mourners on each side of the door -door to the afterlife -door real )not painted like in others -spiritual figures -refer to Chtonic Demons Charun and Vanth - associated with the underworld -the break down the door with ax and torch and light the way to the underworld |
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What: Demon and Mortals on red figure Cup Who: ---- When: 4th cent Where: Etruria? Significance: -demons come up in all art -not a negative relationship with humans - they are helpers -spiritual figures -refer to Chtonic Demons Charun and Vanth - associated with the underworld -the break down the door with ax and torch and light the way to the underworld |
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What: Charun - Orcus tomb Complex Who: ---- When: 400-350 BCE Where: Tarquinii Significance: - -demons come up in all art -not a negative relationship with humans - they are helpers-spiritual figures -refer to Chtonic Demons Charun and Vanth - associated with the underworld -the break down the door with ax and torch and light the way to the underworld -charun = wings and torch? |
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What: Who: When: Where: Significance: |
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What: Vanth and Charun during a sacrifice of Trojan Prisoners Who:---- When: 350.BCE Where: Francois Tomb Vulci Significance: -Achilles sacrifices prisoners once friend dies -demons helping? or just to escort souls? -labelled charcaters here with etruscan names |
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What: Vanth and Charun during a sacrifice of Trojan Prisoners Who: --- When: 300BCE Where: Orvieto Significance: - related to etruscans somehow?? |
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What: family member as Augur Who: --- When: mid 4th cent Where: Francois tomb - Vulci Significance: - example of not surviving?? -elaborate clothing from etruscans -give us insight as to belief and cultures |
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What: Apuna Family in procession Who: When: 3rd cent BCE Where: Bruschi Tomb - Tarquinii Significance: -wearing togas = roman looks -maintained power but follow government?? - after social war no longer seperate culture -subject-allies of rome -etruscans believed civilization had predetermined life span - no revolts -elites stayed elite - happy |
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What: Mars of Todi Who: ---- When: early 4th cent Where: Oriveito Significance: - classical period Etruscan warrior -show roman ideals -perfect body and composure -looks idealized vs real -bronze continues though |
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What: Brutus Who: ---- When: 3rd to 1st cent Where: ---- Significance: - Hellenistic - more real than idealized -wearing a toga -bronze work continues |
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What: Lid of Terracotta Sarcophagus Who: ---- When: 1st cent BCE Where: Volterra Significance: - couple reclining together ( husband and wife presumed) -more individualized vs. cookie cutter before -more extreme characteristics? -clothing =not elites ( middle class?) -people gain prestige from getting things |
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What: Terracotta Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa Who: ---- When: 150-130 BCE Where: Chuisi Significance: -etruscan label -shows continuation of etruscan language and pattern of labelling things -preferences differ -now more classically idealized -had 80 year woman skeleton inside -personal preference of the individual ( not all hellenistic all the time) -continuation of personal preferences - differences in local places (inhumation/cremation) -type of objects in tombs differ too |
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What: Tomb of the Volumnii Who: When: 2nd cent Where: Perugia Significance: - lentel door decoration -look like house ( tradition?) - sarcophagus with figures on top -continuation of etruscan cultural ideas |
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What: Bronze model of sheep's liver Who: --- When: late 2nd to early 1st Where: Piacenza Significance: - continuation of religious practices -shows etruscan language -governance as well |
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What: The Orator (Aule Meteli - etruscan) Who: When: ca 80 BCE Where: Etruria Significance: - Roman looking noble - wearing a toga and making a speech -after social war the etruscan culture was gone - people chose to appear roman instead |
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What: terracotta heads Who: When: 2nd cent Where: Vulci Significance: - after social war etruscan society not doing well (assumed by votives) -was un upsurge of votives and offerings -asking for help from gods personally - look like them to remember who offered sacrifice |
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What: Votive Temple model with Dionysus and Ariadne Pediment Who: When: late 2nd cent Where: Vulci Significance: - upsurge of votives and offerings after social war -were unhappy under roman rule - 5th cent dionysus started to get worshipped - by 2nd cent Dionysus was very popular as a savior god - when government was not functioning well personal salvation was important - show what societys look like -terracotta |
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What: terracotta statuette of Dionysus enthroned Who: When: late 2nd cent Where: Vulci Significance: - 5th cent Dionysus started to get worshipped - by 2nd cent Dionysus was very popular as a saviour god - personal salvation was important -social war ruined culture and happy way of life? |
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What: Early Rome Who: --- When: ---- Where: Rome Significance: - settlement on Tiber River - no mineral so slow to emerge into scene -in-land but off of Tyrhennian sea -7 hill sites - defences - access to river = food, trade, salt - hills heavily wooden, plains flood easily -settle on palatine and Aventine hill first (close to river, large top to habitate) |
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What: Aeneas and Achises- terracotta statue Who: When: early 5th cent Where: Veii Significance: -Virgil's Aeneid = explains settlement story -prince of troy leaves with father on his back and young son - written in 1st cent -important to self identity of romans -finds Evander and Pallas ( greek prince and son) - Evander directs Aventine hill as sacred (herakles lived there for a bit) -Jupiter dwelled on Capitoline - Evander on Palatine |
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What: Forum Necropolis Who: When: Italian Early Iron Age ( 1000-750BCE) Where: Rome Significance: -1000BCE- people start living here -have no evidence of settlement on hills but have cemetery -below Palatine hill and Palatine Velia (smaller hill) -not best spot for it- flooding a lot -in use from 10th- 6th cent -survived because they covered it with pavement 9th Cent = Esquiline Hill necropolis - hand made pottery - no eastern goods - population expanding? -in a raised valley - helps to prevent flooding |
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What: forum necropolis Who: When: 10th -6th cent Where: Rome (palatine hill) Significance: -saved because of pavement -Smith = socially stratified society seen from goods - male and female differ ( weapons vs. spin equipment) - different roles in society - cremations of elites -all cremations we have are male - all locally made stuff (impasto) -hard to judge the amount of wealth |
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What: EIA Pozzo Tomb Who:---- When: 10th- 6th cent Where: on Via Sacra @ Forum Necropolis Significance: - large dolium with goods inside -10th cent begin to see these burials - end of 10th cent cremation ends and inhumation for the elites - not a sudden or decisive change though -9th cent increase of propserity ( more burials and more grave goods) -cremation and inhumation all mixed to together - hard to decipher who chose what and why - Alba Longa has similar tombs in EIA = shared culture? |
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What: Village on Palatine Hill Who: When: 8th cent Where: Palatine hill, Rome Significance: - 8th cent = 1st habitation evidence -oblong and circular huts -thatched roofs, dug in foundations, wattle and daub, door on short side ect. -romulus put a wall around in - 1980s found something resembling made out of earth -8th cent = foundation of Rome settlement |
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What: Etruscan Rome - Influences/Town Planning ( Via Sacra - Arx - Cloaca maxima) Who: When: Etruscan Archaic Period (575- 490BCE) Where: Rome Significance: - begin monumental building - more stratification in society -religiously determined town plans -Via sacra = 1st road way - religious connotation - starts at the Arx (1 of the peaks on palatine hill) -drain forum in 6th cent - incentive to make cloaoca maxima -moved creeks and exits into the tiber -used massive stone blocks- huge project |
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What: Houses and Temples in Forum Who:---- When: 6th cent BCE Where: Via Sacra, Rome Significance: -main axis for construction -was king directed during etruscan period -elite house ( line the sides of Via Sacra) -Temple of Vesta |
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What: Regia Who: When: 6th cent Where: Forum, on Via Sacra Significance: -comes from word Rex - related to a king someway -built as palace in the regal period and then converted - has several phases (3 total) -Phase 1 = late 7th early 6th -much smaller with large courtyard -only 2 rooms in back (Porticus House) -2 shrines -Mars (god of war) and Ops ( god of plenty/prosperity) - has shield on mars -consistant with etruscan culture |
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What: Regia decoration Who: ---- When: mid 6th cent Where: Regina Phase 3 Significance: -3 phases of the building -terracotta plaque - has minotaur /humanoid -lions -consistant with etruscan culture |
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What: Temple of Vesta Who: ----- When: Where: Forum Rome Significance: -next to regina - goddess of hearth - communal in city - communal health of the city - fire burnt all the time or else city would fail -circular shape - look like palatine/ancient hut design -consistent throughout time ( stays same) -cult of vesta = Latium community tradition |
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What: Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus Who: Vulca from Veii ( made plans) When:---- Where: Capitoline hill, Rome Significance: -god best and greatest -the 1st etruscan king started the construction (Tarquinius Priscus) -Tarquinius Superbus finishes temple -had to level the top of the hill before building -podium = solid foundation before build - added soil to the forum ( 2 projects) -etruscan style -porch, 3 cellas for the 3 gods -Juno, Minerva, Jupiter -on raised podium -frontal access -acroteria -mudbrick, wooden frame, terracotta roof Function= roman civic life -triumphs - consult for wars, official god of the state -decor made of terracotta |
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What: Sant' Omobono Church Who: When: Where: Forum Boarium (between palatine and capitoline slope) Significance: - below church -has a regal period temple below church -have a lot of material remains because of this -terracotta decorations -repeating frieze scene -terracotta felines in pediments -terracotta volutes and figures on roof |
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What: Hercules and Minerva Acroteria Who: ----- When: 6th cent Where: Regal period Temple Significance: - crossed lion paws -minerva wearing helmet - by 6th cent both acknowledged and worshipped in Rome -beginning of cults - connection to wider med. world |
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What: terracotta Felines in pediment Who: ---- When: 6th cent Where: Regal Period Temple, Rome Significance: - terracotta columns -terracotta capital and base |
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What: Cippus with inscription in Early Latin Who: When: Where: Under lapis Niger (paved with black stones) Significance: -read it top to bottom -middle has been broken - religious significance -mentions a king therefore regal period |
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What: Forum in early Republic city of Rome Who: ---- When: 509 BCE and later Where: Forum in Rome Significance: - government different now cant have 1 sole power -citizens in charge - buildings need to reflect ideology - reassess the buildings ( leave, remove or change) -temple of Jup. Opt = leave be -temple of vesta = leave be -Elite houses = leave be - Regina = change its meaning - civic aspects changed, religious did not - now have rex Sacrorum - king of rituals - temple under Sant Omobono = Remove - too related to kingship and need to erase - damnatio memoriae = erase memory New Buildings: - place for senate to meet -officals palces -SPQR need place to vote and meet -place to store $/ treasury (god protect it) -place to show accomplishments -forum Romanum |
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What: Servian Wall Who: When: Where: Significance: |
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What: Roman Colonies Who: When: begin mid 4th cent Where: Italy Significance: - Roman expansion - bring people and goods to Rome - As further away from rome need to enforce more control Roman Citizen Colonies = all rights -get citizenship rights -etruria 1st had treaties and now roman territory completely - Latin Colonies -start in Rome and then leave it for better life - allowed to keep rights as a Citizen Colony -not a full citizenship - right to intermarry with romans - special trade concessions - not allowed to vote -Roman can call on any colony to help them in war - |
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What: Centuration (iugera lots) Who: Roman Colonies When: 4th cent approx Where: Po Valley Significance: - Colo = 'to cultivate' -used a grid plan in country side and town - can be economically independent to Rome but nor Politically - Auguraculum = podium to start grid pattern -iugerum (iugera) = area an ox could plough in 1 day (standardized lot size) - put into larger blocks of about 200 iugera -Centuration = dividing into regular shaped units |
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What: Roman Colony Foundation ceremony Who: --- When: 4th cent Where: Aquileia Significance: -commission of 3 men founding colony -senators sent from Rome to set up the colony -take charge for setting up period (dont stay) - form after Rome Ceremony = -kill local animals and sacrifice to gods - look at entrails to see if area is favorable -set up new colony ( by way etruscans gave to Rome) -Foundation ceremony - cow/bull trolley pulled around the area of city to make the sacred outline of the city -with marks the side of the walls = Pomerium - symbolically ties countryside with the new town |
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What: Ostia Plan Who: When: 4th cent Where: Ostia, Citizen colony Significance: -Castrum= Roman fort -tufa block wall of the fort - has 2 main roads = Cardo Maximus and Decemanus Maximus -orthogonal grid plan -perimeter has a wall -most important buildings central ( away from wall) - set up as a mini Rome |
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What: Alba Fucens Who: When: 303 BCE Where: Italy, ALba Fucens Significance: - latin colony -war with the Samnites - need Roman physical presence here -68 miles away from Rome - on Via Valeria ( major road from Rome) - can monitor traffic on the road now -elevated on a hill = survey area -plateau with 3 peaks = religious aspect |
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What: Cosa Who: When: 280 BCE Where: Significance: - latin colony, formerly in territory of Vulci -coastal site for Rome -protection of a small harbour - right after they conquered Vulci area -NE gate = large stone wall for defense -3 peaks on site -put grid down |
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What: Cosa NE gate Who: When: 280 BCE Where: Cosa, Latin Colony Significance: - big stone wall put in place for defence - comes in from harbour harbour had concrete piers, limestone quarry - had fish traps made -Tagliata= northern channel/ tunnel to move fish -Roman miniatures though |
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What: Roman Capotolia ( left=cosa right = Signia) Who: When: Where: Significance: - all colonies need to reflect the values of Rome - looks like Temple of Jupiter ( 3 gods to worship - Jupiter, Juno and Minerva the Capitoline Triad) -placed on the highest peak /arx -Roman miniatures |
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What: Capitolium Who: When: 280 BCE Where: Cosa Significance: - had a podium and wall -miniature Rome |
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What: Pompeii Early Settlement Who: When: 424-89 BCE - Oscan control Where: Pompeii Significance: - Oscan/ Samnite control -has been under greek control before this and Roman after this- in bay of naples in Campania -Romans were allys of the oscan people -loyal subject ally of Rome - Pompeii have a focus on culture rather than political focus -domestic quarters of pompeii -Right (Orange)= 8th -6th settlement (culture unknown) - wall around whole top of plateau -Left (Green) = Greek Pompeii ( 474-424 BCE) - elite houses here - shops infront of house on road = income |
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What: The House of Faun Who: When: Pre- Roman phase -2nd Cent Where: Pompeii - Oscan Significance: - much larger home than in Rome at time -atrium house but 2 atriums, 2 impluviums ect. -more elaborate -took up 1 whole city block (insula) - in greek settled area ( N.W area) -statue of a faun in 1 of the fountains -emphasis on greekness here -Alexander Mosaic -Faces = entrance of street - |
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What: Alexander Mosaic ( Based on 300 bc greek painting) Who: When: 2nd cent Where: House of the Faun- Pompeii Significance: - made of 1.5 million tesserae (coloured stone blocks) -Alex the great vs. persian king Darius -incredibly emotive -expensive to do -very large - private house -other mosaics show greek masks -affinity for greek culture -much imported from the east -wall looked to be painted as marble ( eatsern) -show ealth and sophistication = greek -allies, not colony, so no pressure to romanize |
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What: theatre Quarter Who: When: 2nd cent Where: Pompeii Significance: - area with large theatre -temple of Isis -stadium, -gymnasium -Theatre = greek culture - fan-shaped - in side of the hill, natural slope = greek BUT in pompeii just use corner of the town -gladiator barrack use to be gymnasium -stadium was a running track ( only 1/2 the length of normal greek one) - Temple of Isis = egyptian goddess popular in hellenistic greece |
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What: Theatre Who: When: 2nd cent Where: Pompeii - Cultural centre Significance: -Theatre = greek culture - fan-shaped- in side of the hill, natural slope = greek BUT in pompeii just use corner of the town -amphitheatre = Roman tradition |
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What: Forum Who: When: 80 BCE Where: Pompeii Significance: -added mid 2nd cent -temple at end of r=forum = temple of jupiter?? - has Temple of Apollo - 6th cent possibly - Basilica = seems important - some remains today - business tokk place? large scale trade? - close to harbour gives us this idea 2nd cent= dissatisfied with Roman allyship -wanted roman citizenship - start romanizing the place a bit - House of Faun have latin inscription of welcome - add comitium in early 1st cent |
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What: Damage from Sullas Attack on Pompeii Who: When: 91-88BCE - The Social War Where: Pompeii Significance: - citizenship wanted by the italian allies - asked nicely= no , tired force and got it - Sulla retires troops in Pompeii -Gets name " Colonia Cornelia Verneria Pompeianorum" - not what pompeii wanted really -oscan inscriptions disappear -new buildings and wall fixed ( comitium, temple of Jupiter becomes Capitolium, Amphitheatre added) |
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What: Colonia Cornelia Verneria Pompeianorum Who: When: 80 BCE Where: Pompeii Significance: - Roman Colony now - add buildings and wall fixed from war -(comitium, temple of Jupiter becomes Capitolium, Amphitheatre added) -Sulla retires troops in Pompeii -oscan inscriptions disappear |
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What: Amphitheatre Who: When: 80BCE Where: Pompeii Significance: - one of earliest in an Italian Roman Town - circular now = 2 theatres - diff function though -Theatre = plays and drama Amphitheatre = sport and gladiatorial fights ( cater to new military population) |
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What: Tombs Who: When: 80 BCE Where: Pompeii, Roman Colony Significance: -Oscan burials = were outside the town - buried in enclosed cemetary away from roads -1st Cent BC -Romans begin building monuments on side of the road - like in Rome on Via Appia |
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What: Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus Who: When: 298 BCE Where: tomb on Via Appia Significance: - inside a tomb - cant see the unless a descendant - no need to broadcast - change in the 1st cent |
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What: Esquiline Tomb Painting When: 3rd - 1st cent Where: Significance: -M. fannius and M. Fabius labelled - shaking hands - signing a treaty? labelled ancestors = importance of family - but inside the tombs - listed in latin - only for descendants/ ancestors -middle republican model of tombs -Change in the 1st cent - need to broadcast prestige to everyone |
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What: Tomb of S. Sulpicius Galba Who: When: 108 BCE (consul) Where: Rome Significance: -latin inscription on the outside - objects carved in it = fauces ( ax) a symbol of high magistrates - show importance of family and self - shrine like building on top |
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What: Tumulus Tomb Who: When: 1st cent BCE Where: Via Appia, Rome Significance: - tombs varied incredibly - tumulus represent an etruscan design/ background?? -1st cent move from cremation to inhumation |
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What: Tomb of Caecilia Metella Who: When: 1st cent BCE Where: Via Appia Significance: - decor on top added in 12th cent ( used as a fortress) - latin inscriptions of family honour and deeds - woman married into a prominent family from a prominent family - need to show importance of both families -wealth = size -law of 12 tablets (450 BCE) -funeral regulations - no funeral/burial outside of the city - no gold = contrast with etruscans = recession?? in early republic |
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What: Italian Black and Red Gloss Pottery Who: When: Where: Vulci ? Significance: -seen as an extension of etruscan bucchero pottery -colony of romans created -in 1st cent shift from black to red = tastes change - Red= Arrezo made first ( arrentine vases) - design made form a mold -mass produced -thin and strong - traded into italy and beyond -not wealthiest of vessels - nice table ware for middle class |
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What: Coins Who: When: 3rd cent start minting Where: Rome Significance: - now expanding so need for trade -did have some early predecessors -put own symbols on it to show values and spread knowledge of rome -copied other peoples layouts and then made thier own |
