Bones And Skeletal Tissues

Front 1

What bones are in the AXIAL SKELETON

Back 1

Skull.
vertebral column.
rib cage.

Front 2

Long bones include all limb bones except.......?

Back 2

Patella (kneecap).
tarsals (wrist).
carpals(ankle).

Front 3

TRUE or FALSE. The main role of the appendicular skeleton, is to protect and support vital organs.

Back 3

false

Front 4

What is the main roles of the APPENDICULAR SKELETON?

Back 4

Locomotion

allows us to manipulate our environment

Front 5

What type of bone is the PATELLA (kneecap)

Back 5

Sesamoid bone

Front 6

What is HEMATOPOIESIS

Back 6

Blood cell formation

Front 7

What are the roles of the blood?

Back 7

Blood cell formation.
fat storage.
supports movement.

Front 8

What hormone regulates bone formation, but also protect against diabetes mellitus.

Back 8

Osteocalcin

Front 9

What is the skeletal system composed of?

Back 9

Bones
cartilage
joints
ligaments

Front 10

What is typically surrounded by a layer of irregular connective tissue, called the Perichondrium?

Back 10

Skeletal cartilages

Front 11

What is the PERICARDIUM?

Back 11

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal cartilages

Front 12

Is cartilage tissue avascular, or vascular?

Back 12

Avascular

Front 13

Where does the nourishment of cartilage tissues come from?

Back 13

O2(oxygen).
nutrients diffusing from capillaries in the pericardium.

Front 14

What acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion of the cartilage during compression?

Back 14

PERICARDIUM

Front 15

What are the three types of cartilage tissue?

Back 15

Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage

Front 16

Back 16

Elastic cartilage

Front 17

Back 17

Fibrocartilage

Front 18

Back 18

hyaline cartilage

Front 19

What is the white ball

Back 19

Chondrocyte inside Lacuna

Front 20

What is the line pointing to?

Back 20

Elastic fibers

Front 21

What are the lines pointing to?

Back 21

Lacuna with chondrocytes inside

Front 22

What is the arrow pointing to

Back 22

Collagen fibers

Front 23

What is the most abundant cartilage type in the human body

Back 23

hyaline cartilage

Front 24

What is the line pointing to

Back 24

Matrix

Front 25

What does the matrix consist of in hyaline cartilage?

Back 25

Gelatinous ground substance collagen fibers

Front 26

What provides elastic support of the external ear and epiglottis?

Back 26

Elastic cartilage

Front 27

What type of cartilage composes most of the embryonic skeleton?

Back 27

hyaline cartilage

Front 28

What type of cartilage is strong enough to resist compression between the pubic bones and between the vertebrae?

Back 28

Fibrocartilage

Front 29

What type of cartilage composes the menisci (cartilaginous discs) of the knee joint?

Back 29

Fibrocartilage

Front 30

What type of cartilage composes the articular cartilage covering the ends of long bones in joint cavities?

Back 30

hyaline cartilage

Front 31

This cartilage is a smooth surface, helps reduce friction between the articulating bones, and its gelatinous ground substance is a resilient cushion?

Back 31

hyaline cartilage

Front 32

What are costal cartilages

Back 32

Cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum

Front 33

What is PAGET'S DISEASE

Back 33

Enlarged and misshapen bones

Front 34

What bone disorder that is found mostly in aged individuals result in bones becoming porous and light?

Back 34

Osteoporosis

Front 35

What cartilage composes the costal, nasal, and respiratory cartilages?

Back 35

hyaline cartilage

Front 36

What covers and lines the surface of bones?

Back 36

Connective tissue (connective tissue membrane)

Front 37

What covers the outer surface of a bone except if the bone forms a movable joint with another bone?

Back 37

Periosteum

Front 38

What is the periosteum composed of?

Back 38

Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 39

How do tendons and ligaments attach to a bone

Back 39

via the Periosteum

Front 40

What extends from the periosteum into the bone to ensure a strong attachment?

Back 40

Perforating fibers

Front 41

What does perforating fibers consist of

Back 41

Bundles of collagen fibers

Front 42

What lines the surface inside a bone, including the spaces of spongy bone, medullary cavity, central canals, and perforating canals?

Back 42

Endosteum

Front 43

What is the function of spongy bone

Back 43

Reduce weight of bone

Front 44

What are the interconnecting pieces of bone that form three dimensional lacework called?

Back 44

Trabeculae

Front 45

In a flat bone what is the layer of spongy bone called?

Back 45

Diploe

Front 46

In a flat short or irregular bone what is the layer of compact bone covered by

Back 46

Periosteum

Front 47

what lines the spaces of spongy bone

Back 47

endosteum

Front 48

What is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone called?

Back 48

Periosteum

Front 49

What is located in the center of the diaphysis of a long bone and filled with yellow marrow?

Back 49

Medullary Cavity

Front 50

What is found in mediately deep to the periosteum?

Back 50

Compact bone

Front 51

The epiphysis of a long bone is filled with what type of osseous tissue?

Back 51

Spongy bone

Front 52

What osseous tissue reduces the weight of bone

Back 52

Spongy bone

Front 53

Short irregular and flat bones are composed primarily of what type of osseous tissue?

Back 53

Spongy bone

Front 54

What is at the end of a long bone?

Back 54

Epiphysis

Front 55

In a bone, adipose connective tissue is known as what?

Back 55

Yellow bone marrow

Front 56

What is the connective tissue membrane lining the medullary cavity of a long bone, and central and perforating canals of compact bone, and the spaces of spongy bone?

Back 56

Endosteum

Front 57

What is dense heavy and able to withstand the stress is produced by body weight and movement?

Back 57

Compact bone

Front 58

What is the shaft of a long bone called

Back 58

Diaphysis

Front 59

What fills the spaces of spongy bone in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, scapula, hip, bones vertebrae, and proximal emphasis of the humerus and femur?

Back 59

Red bone marrow

Front 60

What supports the shaft of a long bone

Back 60

Compact bone

Front 61

Collagen fibers of ligaments and tendons penetrate what layer of bone?

Back 61

Periosteum

Front 62

what is hematopoietic (blood producing) reticular connective tissue.

Back 62

Red bone marrow

Front 63

Because of its smooth surface it helps to reduce friction between articulating bones at freely movable joints.

Back 63

Articular cartilage

Front 64

Because of its gelatinous ground substance it absorbs shock at freely movable joints

Back 64

Articular cartilage

Front 65

Describe osteoporosis

Back 65

Bones are porous and thin, but bone composition is normal.

Front 66

describe Osteomalacia.

Back 66

Bone formed is poorly mineralized, and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.

Front 67

describe Paget's disease

Back 67

Abnormal bone formation and resorption

Front 68

What contains blood vessels and nerves fibers in osseous tissue

Back 68

central canal

Front 69

where do osteocytes live

Back 69

lacunae

Front 70

hair like canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal.

Back 70

canaliculi

Front 71

layer of hard, calcified matrix around the central canal.

Back 71

concentric lamellae

Front 72

elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the bone's long axis; the structural unit of compact bone.

Back 72

osteon

Front 73

What inorganic mineral is responsible for bone hardness

Back 73

mineral salts - predominantly hydroxyapatite

Front 74

What organic mineral provides flexibility and tensile strength to the bone

Back 74

Osteoid - matrix without mineralized salts.

Front 75

what was in the tonic Eden Byers drank that accumulated in his bones and caused him to develop osteosarcoma.

Back 75

radiam

Front 76

A bone lacking its inorganic component would do what?

Back 76

Sag

Front 77

A bone lacking its organic component would do what

Back 77

Be brittle and break easily

Front 78

How many types of bone cells are there?

Back 78

4.
osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclast

Front 79

what are Osteogenic cells

Back 79

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Front 80

Where are osteogenic cells located?

Back 80

Endosteum and periosteum

Front 81

What is the function of Osteoblasts

Back 81

Produces new bone matrix

Front 82

where Are osteoblasts located

Back 82

Endosteum and periosteum

Front 83

What is the function of Osteocytes

Back 83

Maintain the bone matrix.
regulate remodeling by acting as strain sensors

Front 84

Where are osteocytes located

Back 84

Lacunae

Front 85

What is the function of Osteoclasts

Back 85

Resorb bone matrix by secreting acid and hydrolytic enzymes.
Arise from stem cells in red bone marrow.

Front 86

Where are osteoclasts located

Back 86

endosteum and periosteum

Front 87

What is the development of stem cells into specialized cells called?

Back 87

Differentiation

Front 88

what is Differentiation?

Back 88

The development of stem cells into specialized cells

Front 89

Bone deposition and resorption is called what?

Back 89

Bone remodeling

Front 90

What is "bone remodeling"

Back 90

Bone deposition and resorption

Front 91

What does bone remodeling replace every 3 to 4 years?

Back 91

Spongy bone

Front 92

What is bone remodeling replace every 10 years?

Back 92

Compact bone

Front 93

What does bone remodeling help prevent?

Back 93

Bone fractures

Front 94

Bone remodeling allows the skeleton to do what?

Back 94

Adapt to mechanical stress

Front 95

Wolff's law

Back 95

The architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses.

Front 96

Whenever weight bears down on bone or when muscles pull on it, the bone is known as being?

Back 96

loaded (stressed)

Front 97

What detects mechanical stress on the bone?

Back 97

Osteocytes

Front 98

what produces more bone at a stress site?

Back 98

Osteoblasts

Front 99

What happens during Osteoporosis

Back 99

Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition

Front 100

What helps maintain the health and normal bone density of the skeleton by stimulating osteoblast activity?

Back 100

Sex hormones estrogen and testosterone.

Front 101

What is the normal range of calcium concentration in the blood?

Back 101

9 to 11 milligrams

Front 102

The normal range of calcium is maintained predominantly by what?

Back 102

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 103

When blood calcium levels get too low you would want your parathyroid glands to.... increase or decrease parathyroid secretion ?

Back 103

Increase

Front 104

When blood calcium levels get too high you would want your parathyroid glands to.... INCREASE or DECREASE parathyroid(PTH) secretion?

Back 104

decrease

Front 105

What is CALCITRIOL do?

Back 105

Reinforces the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 106

what is the most abundant bone matrix

Back 106

Calcium

Front 107

Calcitriol is secreted by what ?

Back 107

Kidneys

Front 108

What does the synthesis of calcitriol involve?

Back 108

Sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys

Front 109

What is secreted by the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels

Back 109

Calcitonin

Front 110

What when administered at pharmacological doses can decrease the blood calcium level temporarily

Back 110

Calcitonin

Front 111

When does hyperexcitability occur?

Back 111

When blood calcium levels are too low

Front 112

What happens when blood calcium levels are too high

Back 112

Non responsiveness an inability to function

Front 113

What does pregnancy and lactation put women in risk of

Back 113

hypocalcemia
(low calcium blood)

Front 114

What can happen if plasma calcium concentration drops to 4mg/d?

Back 114

laryngospasm can cut off airflow and cause suffocation

Front 115

what is the breaking of a bone called.

Back 115

Fracture

Front 116

Describe the complete bone fracture

Back 116

All the way horizontally across the bone

Front 117

Describe an incomplete bone fracture

Back 117

Not fractured completely across the bone

Front 118

Describe a nondisplaced bone fracture

Back 118

Bone ends still in alignment

Front 119

Describe a displaced bone fracture

Back 119

Bone ends not in alignment

Front 120

Describe a closed (simple) bone fracture

Back 120

No penetration of skin

Front 121

Describe an open(compound) bone fracture

Back 121

Bone penetrating skin

Front 122

Describe a linear bone fracture

Back 122

A break straight across

Front 123

Describe a transverse bone fracture

Back 123

A perpendicular break

Front 124

Describe an oblique bone fracture

Back 124

A bone broken diagonally

Front 125

Describe a spiral (torsion) bone fracture

Back 125

A bone broken twisting motion

Front 126

How is a displaced fracture treated?

Back 126

Reduction (realignment of broken bone ends)

Front 127

What is a closed reduction

Back 127

Fracture site is not exposed surgically; bone ends manipulated back into alignment from outside the body

Front 128

What is an open reduction

Back 128

Fracture exposed surgically and bone ends put back into alignment and secured with pins, plates, screws.

Front 129

What starts around 6 weeks of fetal development and continues into a person's late teens to early twenties

Back 129

ossification

Front 130

what is OSSIFICATION

Back 130

the process by which bone forms

Front 131

what is the skeleton of a human embryo composed of?

Back 131

sheets of fibrous connective tissue.

pieces of hyaline cartilage that are shaped roughly like the bones they will become.

Front 132

The process by which the connective tissue sheets are replaced by bone is called

Back 132

interamembranous ossification

Front 133

What is the name of the process that forms the flat bones of the skull

Back 133

Intramembranous ossification

Front 134

The process by which hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone is called

Back 134

Endochondral ossification

Front 135

What process forms most bones, including all long bones

Back 135

Endochondral ossification

Front 136

What is the epiphyseal plate responsible for

Back 136

Responsible for bone growth in length

Front 137

What is this

Back 137

Epiphyseal plate

Front 138

What happens in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate?

Back 138

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis.
( to produce new cartilage cells)
( the new cells produce new cartilage matrix)
(Responsible for bone growing longer)

Front 139

What happens in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate

Back 139

Older cartilage cells in large
(secrete chemical that stimulates matrix calcification)

Front 140

What happens in the calcification zone of the epiphyseal plate

Back 140

Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating.

Front 141

What happens in the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate

Back 141

New bone formation is occurring. osteoclasts break down the deteriorating calcified cartilage. osteoblasts replace the cartilage within spongy bonen.

Front 142

What is growth hormone from the pituitary gland responsible for

Back 142

Bone growth

Front 143

What is responsible for bone growth

Back 143

GH (growth hormone) from the pituitary gland

Front 144

What stimulates the growth of virtually all tissues to some degree

Back 144

GH (growth hormone)

Front 145

What cartilage is particularly sensitive to GH (growth hormone)

Back 145

Hyaline cartilage

Front 146

What is responsible for stimulating the addition of new cartilage tissue in the proliferation zone of epiphyseal plates

Back 146

GH (growth hormone)

Front 147

An adult with short stature but normal proportions has what?

Back 147

Pituitary dwarfism

Front 148

A person with abnormaly short stature but a normal sized head and trunk in adulthood has what?

Back 148

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Front 149

Increased secretion of GH (growth) hormone and sex hormones cause rapid bone growth when?

Back 149

During puberty and adolescence

Front 150

once the epiphyseal plates close, can you grow taller?

Back 150

no

Front 151

What is responsible for masculinization or feminization of the skeleton

Back 151

Sex hormones

Front 152

How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis

Back 152

Female pelvis is wider

Front 153

bone that is poorly mineralized and soft and deforms on weight bearing

Back 153

Osteomalacia

Front 154

What is an osteoid

Back 154

A matrix without the mineralized salts

Front 155

What are the 4 types of bone cells

Back 155

Osteogenic cells.
osteoblasts.
osteocytes.
osteoclasts.

Front 156

What are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate

Back 156

Resting zone.
Proliferation zone.
hypertrophic zone.
calcification zone.
ossification zone.