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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do we place species in a group of similar organisms? |
for convenience, more manageable, easier to identify organisms, and to help us see the relationships between species. |
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What is the order of the eight taxonomic levels? |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What is the binomial naming system? |
The genus name (upper case letter) and species name (lower case) are used e.g. Homo sapiens |
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Why does using a common name not work well? |
Same organism may have a different common name in a different part of the country, different common names used in different countries, translation of languages can result in different names and the same common name may be used for different species in other parts of the world |
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What is a species? |
A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring. |
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What is the phylogenetic definition of a species? |
A group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics. |
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What is the five-kingdom classification system based on? |
Based on observable features of their anatomy at a microscopic level |
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Typical features of kingdom Prokaryotae? |
no nucleus loop of DNA (not linear chromosomes) Naked DNA (not associated with histone protein) No membrane bound organelles smaller ribosomes smaller cells Can be free living or parasitic |
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Typical features of kingdom protoctista? |
eukaryotic mostly single-celled show a wide variety of forms show plant or animal like features mostly free living autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition |
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Typical features of kingdom fungi? |
Eukaryotic single cells or mycelium made of hyphae walls made of chitin cytoplasm that is multinucleate |
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Features of kingdom Plantae? |
eukaryotic multicellular cell wall made of cellulose contain chlorophyll autotrophic |
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Features of kingdom animalia? |
eukaryotic multicellular hetertrophic usually able to move around |
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How can biological molecules be used as evidence to determine how closely related one species is from another? |
Two organisms with similar molecules will be closely related as they haven't evolved separately for long. Differences between molecules in different species reflects the evolutionary relationships . |
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What is Cytochrome C? |
It's a protein present in all living organisms that respire and is used in the process of respiration. |
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How can cytochrome c be used to draw conclusions about various species? |
Amino acids in cytochrome C can be identified and compared. If the sequences are the same the species are closely related. If the sequences are different they're not closely related and the more differences found, the less closely related. |
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How can DNA be used? |
Changes to the sequence of bases in DNA are called mutations. The more similar the sequence in a part of the DNA, the more closely related the species. |
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What is the three domain classification system? |
The kingdom prokaryotae is divided into two groups: Archaeae and Bacteria because bacteria are different from archaea and eukaryotae. |
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How are bacteria different from Archaea and Eukaryotae? |
Different cell membrane structure flagella with different internal structure different enzymes no proteins bound to genetic material different mechanism for DNA replication |
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What is phylogeny? |
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms |
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What is natural classification and what does it include? |
Natural classification is where the whole of the living world is organised into a series of ranked groups- hierarchy. It uses many characteristics, reflects evolutionary relationships, provides useful information and can change with advancing knowledge. |
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What were Darwin's 4 observations? |
Offspring appear similar to parents No two individuals are identical Organisms can produce large no of offspring Populations in nature remain stable in size |
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Darwin's conclusions can be summarised to? |
There's a struggle to survive Better adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics Over time a no. of changes may give rise to a new species |
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What do fossils tell us? |
In the past the world was inhabited by species that were different from those present today. Old species have died out and new species have arisen. New species are often similar to the older ones that were found in the same place. |
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Difference between interspecific and intraspecific variation? |
Interspecific variation is the variation between species whereas intraspecific variation is the variation between members of the same species. |
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Continuous and discontinuous variation? |
Continuous variation is when there are two extremes and a full range of intermediate vales e.g. height, length Discontinous variation is where there are distinct categories and nothing in-between e.g. gender, human blood groups |
