Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Globalization |
The process whereby people react to issues in terms of reference points that transcend their own loyalty, society or region (political, cultural) |
|
|
Communication revolution |
New crimes such as fraud, identity theft, bomb-making, cyber terrorism. Also a shift of jobs manufacturing into service, communication and information (postindustrial). |
|
|
Privatization and individualization |
Defending and saving oneself (isolation), making profit for themselves. Polarization, excluding groups from opportunities leading to violence in homes |
|
|
Global spread of disease |
Increased global travel has increased disease, hiv/aids, west nile, smallpox, anthrax. Crime and public health are related |
|
|
Global conflict |
Allies, NATO, UN are changing, peacekeeping is based on profit and armed conflict |
|
|
Global terrorism (most serious crime) |
9/11, cyber terrorism. It has become the method of war for any ethnic or religious group that doesn't have the power to succeed politically |
|
|
6 fundamental changes |
Globalization, communication, privatization, global spread of disease, global conflict, terrorism |
|
|
Criminology |
The systematic study of the nature, extent, cause and control of law breaking behavior. (applied science of research for prevention, understanding, and explanation) |
|
|
Core components of criminology |
Definition and nature of crime as harm-causing behavior, multiple types of criminal activity from individual offending to enterprises, profiles of offenders and victims, Stat analysis of the extent, patterning and cost of crime, analysis of crime causation |
|
|
Criminal justice |
Crime-control practices, philosophies and policies used by the police, courts and corrections (policy oriented) |
|
|
Multidisciplinary (criminology) |
Roots is sociology, psychology, history, biology, economics (bring their own unique theories) |
|
|
Comparative criminology |
Systematic study of crime, law and social control of two or more cultures |
|
|
Victimology |
Opposite of criminology, study of who becomes a victim, how they are victimized, how much harm and role in criminal act. Also victims rights and role in the system. |
|
|
Traditionally |
Society relied on individualized informal justice (families and people sought revenge against others who caused harm) |
|
|
The Golden Age |
Restitution became focus of crime control through the social contract, individuals gave up personal liberties in exchange for a greater social good, crimes against state |
|
|
21st century |
Restorative justice, when victims and community brought together with offenders to seek to restore the relations that produced the harm |
|
|
Crime (legal def) |
Acts prohibited, prosecuted and punished by criminal law, definition varies from time to time and place to place |
|
|
Limitations of crime def |
Ignores socially harmful situations (white collar), cultural and historical context of the law (what is considered changes from place to place and over time) |
|
|
Who defines crime |
Legislation and judicial interpretation (can be appealed, revised or overturned) |
|
|
Consensus |
(Durkheim) definitions of crime that reflect the ideas of the society as a whole (universal values). Crimes are acts that shock the common conscience. Doesn't take into account social/situational context |
|
|
Conflict |
Society is made up of groups that compete with one another over scarce resources and their different interests produce different definitions of crime |
|
|
Pluralist conflict theory |
Approaches of defining culture that take the different dimensions of society unto account |
|
|
Sellin's 2 forms of conflict |
Primary: person moved to anothet culture. Acting on original cultural norms may be in conflict with the new cultural norms. Secondary: groups of people who live in the same geographic area but create their own distinct value systems |
|
|
Marxist conflict theory |
"Critical criminology", crime is rooted in the vast difference of wealth and power associated with class divisions (activities of those who treated the powerful, criticizes capitalist society and recommends a switch it socialist society) |
|
|
Tift and sullivan |
"Need-based system of justice: focuses on concept of equality of well being. Harm produced by the modern hierarchical structure and social arrangements of society |
|
|
Analogous social injury |
Harm caused by acts that are legal but produce similar consequences to those produced by illegal acts |
|
|
Mala in se |
Acts bad in themselves (homocide, rape, incest) |
|
|
Deviance |
Public intoxication, juvenile-status offenses |
|
|
Diversions |
Skateboarding in public places (small offenses) |
|
|
Mala prohibita |
Crimes created by legislative action (prostitution) |
|
|
Hagan's pyramid of crime |
Dress code violation to mass murder, agreement about the norm, severity if societal response, evaluation of social harm |
|
|
Crime prism |
Top= crimes of powerless (visible) bottom= crimes of powerful (invisible) this is applied to school violence and dimensions are, individual/social harm, conflict & consensus, both tips are extreme |
|
|
Powerless crimes |
Crimes that are no more commonly committed by the powerless, more likely to be arrested because counterparts have a great ability to resist arrest, prosecution and conviction |
|
|
Crimes of powerful |
Usually very harmful but with very indirect and diffuse harm so victims are often unaware and harm is blamed on the victims |
|
|
Violence |
Threat or use of physical force with intention of causing physical injury, damage if another person |
|
|
3 types of student violence |
Predatory economic crimes (material), drug-industry crimes (gangs), social relationship violence from powerless youths who use violence to resolve issues of humiliation |
|
|
Tobacco and alcohol deaths |
Half a million last year |
|
|
Illicit drug deaths |
42,000 last year |
|
|
Biggest change in criminology |
Technology, makes it easier to catch a criminal and sees all (evidence, camera, video, record) |
|
|
Defining criminals |
Written laws and technology to give better evidence |
|
|
Kentucky clerk criminal? |
Under working the clerk for the county and working for the Supreme Court, she is breaking the law. ( Cruz and huckabee) |
|
|
Classical theory |
Strategy for administering justice according to rational principles, did not strive to explain why people commit crime, growing middle class |
|
|
Social philosophy ideologies |
Innocent until proven guilty, equality before law, procedural due process, rules of evidence and testimony, judges discretionary power, right to judgment by jury, equal punish for equal crimes |
|
|
House of correction |
London Bridewell (1556), designed to tain deserved poor to work through discipline |
|
|
Empirical support |
1. Research on the deterrent effect if legal punishments 2. Extent to which rational choice decisions prior to committing crimes 3. Extent to which rational choice precautions by potential victims reduce the probability of victimization |
|
|
Preclassical |
Power and wealth and poverty and crime, people were born into social types, justice was very harsh, barbarous |
|
|
Enlightenment (preclassical) |
Hobbes, locke, voltaire. Challenged the power of church and state power. People were seen as rational and reasoning individuals (deserving and undeserving poor) |
|
|
Deserving poor |
Poor through no fault of their own, women, children sent to work in houses instead if jail |
|
|
Cesare beccaria (classical) |
"On crimes and punishment", individual's rights have priority over the states, crimes were offenses against humans and society & accused had right to represented and equality. Punishment should fit crime |
|
|
Jeremy bentham (classical) |
Hedonistic calculus, panopticon |
|
|
Hedonistic/felicity calculus (classical) |
People act to increase positive results through pursuit of pleasure and reduce negative outcomes through avoidance of pain |
|
|
Panopticon (all-seeing) |
Prisoners under constant surveillance |
|
|
Limitations of classical theory |
1. Assumption that people were equal 2. System designed to allow some people to create more wealth than others (materially unequal) 3. Why some people commit crimes more than others |
|
|
Neoclassical revision |
Humans are rational, calculating, hedonistic |
|
|
French code (1971), neoclassical |
Treated all offenders equally regardless if circumstances, focusing on equality and justice |
|
|
Scientific criminology (neoclassical) |
A shift of focus for criminal justice away from the criminal act and how people would choose such acts and why others would not (discretion) |
|
|
Postclassicists |
Call for return to equality standards |
|
|
Justice theory (postclassicists) |
1. Limited discretion at all stages if cj system 2. Greater openness and accountability 3. Punishment justified by the last crime 4. Punishment commensurate with seriousness of the crime |
|
|
Tariff system of punishments (postclassicists) |
Each punishment was a fixes sentence with only a narrow range of adjustments allowed for seriousness circumstances |
|
|
Law and order approach (postclassicists) |
Justice theory holds that crime is freely chases and rewarding and therefore demands both detergent and retribution responses |
|
|
Determinate sentencing (today) |
Reduce overcrowding prisons, fair, plea bargains run the idea |
|
|
3 strikes law (today) |
Incarcerate felony offenders on 3rd offense without parole, long and harsh sentences, overcrowding |
|
|
Incapacitation (today) |
Putting adjudicated offenders in prison, stopped from practicing criminal behaviors |
|
|
Deterrence and death penalty (today) |
Unless offenders think rationally before crime, there is not point in deterrence. Unless we know meaning of satisfaction, no way to design punishments that will counter gain |
|
|
Brutalization theory |
The more violence people see by legitimate government, the more numbed they become to its pain and more acceptable it becomes to commit (murder) |
|
|
Rational choice |
Explain how some people conciously choose to commit crime (burglary- 2 escape routes). Choices made within a context of opportunities |
|
|
Major element of rational choice |
To manipulate the opportunity structure in an environment to reduce the likelihood that offenders will choose to commit crimes |
|
|
Crime displacement |
Benefits of 1 type of crime are not equally the same in another place or time period |
|
|
Routine activities theory |
Blame the victim (rape), prevention by increasing the presence of caring guardians to decrease probability of victimization. |
|
|
Synthetic drugs (k2, marijuana) |
Big problem, legal. Make people crazy and used in the free market, immoral and made by scientists |
|
|
Hedge fund man |
Drug for people with aids or cancer. Bought company and raised the price from $13 to $750. It is not a crime but very immoral |
|
|
Moral v written law |
Cannot take moral law to court, but you can take written law to court |
|
|
Darwin quote |
Not the strongest, smartest species. It is the most adaptable species who wins. |
|
|
Marijuana legality |
Legal in Colorado but no federally or marally legal. It is a norm that is frowned upon and you may not get a job because of it |
|
|
Football violence |
98% of pros have brain damage, are we confused or hypocritical |
|
|
Victimology history |
Traditional, golden age, 21st century |
|
|
Durkheim (consensus) |
Social glue |
|
|
Union of just |
Boston marathon bomber tamerlan tsarnaev became part of this group when returned to Russian region Dagestan (2012) |
|
|
Dram shop liability |
Giving or serving alcohol to a person who then injures a third party as a direct result of the impairment from alcohol |
|
|
Changing of crime |
Interconnected and interdependent (depend between each other) |
|
|
Process of determining criminality |
Confusing and contradictory |
|
|
Boston marathon bombs |
Pressure cookers |
|
|
Boston marathon stats |
Killed 3, injured more than 100 |
|
|
2 republican candidates at Kim davis |
Huckabee, Ted cruz |
|
|
Paradigmatic |
Violation to making a law prohibiting Muslim women from wearing burkas. |
|
|
Trump and fiorina |
Republican that recommended Kim Davis to find another job |
