Civics Final Exam Review

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House of Representatives

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- 435 Representative
- # per state based on population
- minimum age is 25
- must live in U.S. for 7 years
- term is 2 years but you have unlimited reelections

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Senate

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- 100 Senators
- 2 per state
- minimum age is 30
- must live in U.S. for 9 years
- term is 6 years

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Bicameral Legislature

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a legislature made up of two parts in this case the House of Representatives and the Senate

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Date of Federal Elections

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first Tuesday after the first Monday of November in an even numbered year

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Congressional Powers

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Expressed and Implied Powers

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Necessary and Proper Clause

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lets you take the expressed powers and make them fit to the times, events, etc.

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Senate Leadership

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President of the Senate- Joe Biden
President Pro tempore- Orrin Hatch
Majority Leader- Mitch McConnell
Minority Leader- Harry Reid

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House of Representatives Leadership

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Speaker of the House- John Boehner
Majority Leader- Kevin McCarthy
Minority Leader- Nancy Pelosi
Majority Whip- Steve Scalise
Minority Whip- Steny Hoyer

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Florida Senator

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Bill Nelson

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Impeachment Process

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The House of Representatives creates the formal charges, then the Senate conducts a trial and decides whether the accused is innocent or guilty

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Gerrymandering

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When an official changes the shape or size of a district to favor one group over another, this is a very unfair way for a district to gain an advantage if any is gained

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Constituents

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The people that live within a certain geographic area and are represented by an official representative in the house

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Census

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An official count or survey of a population

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Fringe Benefit

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An extra benefit to an employee for their service ex. a company car, health insurance, or new technology

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Implied Powers

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Powers thought to be true based on what is already in the constitution

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Expressed Powers

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Powers that are expressed in the constitution

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Concurrent Powers

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Powers given to both the State and Federal government meaning that both of them can share these powers

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Impeach

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A formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity also knows as a crime

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Filibuster

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This is a stall tactic used by people to delay the vote one a bill and these long speeches can be given for as long as the person wants

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Veto

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Is the formal disapproval of a law

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Electorate

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These people are qualified voters

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Pocket Veto

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When the president puts the bill on his desk and leaves it unsigned, that way if anything goes wrong the responsibility will not fall on him it will fall on the others that signed it

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Rider

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Is a small bill that attaches onto a large important bill this way the small bill will probably be put into play and enacted alongside the big bill

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Recess

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A break from doing something

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Standing Committee

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A committee that meets regularly

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Article 1

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Established the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress, and the fact that congress will be bicameral consisting of the House of Representatives and The Senate

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Article 2

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Established the executive branch including the president, vice president, other executive officers, and the cabinet

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Article 3

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Established the judicial branch, which includes the Supreme Court of the United States and all the lower courts created by congress

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Amendment 1

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Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

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Amendment 2

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The right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated malitia

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Amendment 3

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No quartering of soldiers in U.S. houses

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Amendment 4

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Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

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Amendment 5

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Freedom from self incrimination and double jeopardy

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Amendment 6

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Rights of the accused such as the right to a speedy trial and a public trial

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Amendment 7

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Right to a trial by jury

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Amendment 8

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Freedom from excessive bail, and cruel and unusual punishments

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Amendment 9

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Other rights that were not stated previously

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Amendment 10

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There are powers reserved to states

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Amendment 14

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Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, also forbids from being denied life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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Amendment 19

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Cannot be discriminated or have the right to vote taken away because of sex

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Amendment 20

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Set the term length for both President and Vice President

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Amendment 22

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No president can serve more than 2 elected terms

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Amendment 25

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Presidential succession which means that after the president becomes incapable of being president then the Vice President will take over and then there is a list of the succession from there

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Amendment 27

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Prevents any law that changes the salaries of the senators and representatives until the next election or term

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Presidential Formal Qualifications

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- 35 years old
- must have lives in U.S. for at least 14 years
- must be a natural born citizen

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Presidential Term

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Each term is 4 years and he can serve a max of 2 terms

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Presidential Informal Qualifications

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- well educated
- most have had military experience
- have appealing personal qualities
- strong stage presence
- good leader

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Electoral College

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Votes for president, when the population is done voting then they vote, and the electoral college vote is the only vote that matters

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Presidential Succession

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It determines who comes next if the president becomes incapable of being a president

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Vice President's Constitutional Job

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He is the president of the house and they often complained that their job was too little

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President Pro Tempore

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Leads the senate if there is ever VP's absence

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President's Roles also knows as the 8 hats

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Chief Executive, Chief Administrator, Commander in Chief, Foreign Policy Leader, Chief Agenda Setter, Chief of State, Party Leader, and Chief Citizen

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State of The Union Address

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This is a speech given by the president where he tells the nation about the state of the union, this speech is mandatory by the constitution, he must give this speech to notify the nation what he feels about his job as president

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Presidential Appointments

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Appointments made for the president by the Senate

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Media

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Media is a very important technology that has changed the way that everything is transferred for example court cases and breaking news from the president are all important uses for this

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War Powers Resolution

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Law that limits the president's power to commit military forces to places in need

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Impeached Presidents

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Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton

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Cabinet

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(US) body of advisers to the president, composed of heads of the executive department of government

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Reprieve

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The cancellation or postponement of someone's punishment especially death

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Pardon

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Releases a convicted criminal from having to complete a sentence

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Executive Privilege

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This allows the president to refuse to release information to congress or court

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Treaty

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A formal document that states something

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Amnesty

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It allows a group of offenders a general pardon

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Spoils System

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The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters

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Diplomatic Recognition

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Is a law that means governments must acknowledge what foreign government do a recognize

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Secretary

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A person employed to assist in correspondence

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Original Jurisdiction

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The power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to the appellate courts

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Appellate Jurisdiction

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The power of a court to review decisions and change outcomes of decisions from lower courts

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Exclusive Jurisdiction

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One court has the power to adjudicate case to the exclusion of all other courts

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Concurrent Jurisdiction

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Where two or more courts from different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over a specific case, this will eventually form parties that will they and push their view on the case

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Appellate and Original

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The courts are the people with these

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Dissenting Opinion

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An opinion in a legal case written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion

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Majority Opinion

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An opinion in which judicial opinion is agreed to by more than hola the members of a court

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Supreme Court Justices

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- 8 of them
- term is life
- no formal qualifications
- informal qualifications would be for the person to have a law background
- for their decisions there must be more than half of the members

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Senate Judiciary Committee

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18 members in charge of conducting hearing prior to Senate Votes

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Checks on Court

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Courts are given power of judicial review so they can check on the courts and the justices

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Bill of Rights

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The first 10 amendments of the constitution to formally establish and protect the rights to U.S. citizens

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Rights of The Accused

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Protects for people accused of a crime
- no one has to stand a trial unless accused of a federal crime
- self incrimination, no need to talk at a trial
- no double jeopardy

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U.S. Attorney

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Represents the U.S. government in a criminal trial, they are called prosecutors

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Judicial Activism

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When judges deny legislators or the executive the power to do something unconstitutional

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Judicial Restraint

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A theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power

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Marbury vs. Madison

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Established Judicial Review

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Roe vs. Wade

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Established the right to abortion in the first trimester

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Due Process

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Government must act fairly responsibly with established laws this is represented through the 5th and 14th Amendments

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Bench Trial

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A trial by judge as opposed to trial by jury

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Indictment

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A formal charge

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Precedent

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Something made for all the other president to come

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Civil Case

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A case between person or organizations this can be like Tort Law, Property Law, or Family Law

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Criminal Case

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When one has been wrong by another this can consist of either a felony or a misdemeanor

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Probable Cause

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A legitimate reason for certain actions

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Double Jeopardy

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Being charge of a crime twice with the same evidence

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Capital Punishment

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Death

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Grand Jury

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A hearing panel of 16-23 jurors

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Plaintiff

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Accuser

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Defendant

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Accused

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Appellant

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The person who is appealing in a Appellant Court

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Misdemeanor

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A small crime that is petty

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Felony

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A large crime that could potentially be given capital punishment