Church History Exam Iv

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1095

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Beginning of the Crusades

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Pope Urban II

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Began the Crusades. Preached a sermon at the Council of Clermont.

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1095-1291

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Period of the Crusades. There were eight Crusades during this period.

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Causes of the Crusades:

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1) Religious: to recapture the Holy Sites, to end the persecution of the pilgrims, and instantaneous salvation for those who died during the Crusades.
2) Political: to recapture the Near East. They Byzantine Empire had been steadily weakening and unable to control the Muslim invasion
3) Economic: spoils of war. Many cities became wealthy through transporting Crusaders. Development of a mercantile economy.

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Deus Vult

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Battle cry of the Crusaders. Means God Wills It.

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1146

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Second Crusade begun by Bernard of Clairvoux.

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1204

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Fourth Crusade. Crusaders sack Constantinople.

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1291

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Crusades end with the fall of Acre.

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Consequences of the Crusades

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1) Economic Expansion
2) Papacy enhanced its prestige and initially grew stronger, then Papal power declined and ended with the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
3) Weakened the feudal system
4) The East falls in 1453
5) Trade between the East and the West opens up

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The Templar Code

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Written by Bernard of Clairvoux. He also defended Orthodoxy against Abelard's liberalism.

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Thomas Torquemada

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The first Inquisitor

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schole

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a place where learning takes place

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Credo ut intelligam

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I believe in order that I may know (Realism, Anselm)

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universalia in re

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"universals are real;" Aristotle's framework

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intelligo ut credam

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I know in order that I may believe (Abelard)

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Abelard

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Moral influence theory of the Atonement; Sic et Non

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Thomas Aquinas

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"Angelic Doctor"

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universalia post rem

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General truths or ideas have no objective existence outside the mind

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William of Ockham

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Developed a full-fledged nominalism

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Results of Scholasticism:

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1) Realism and moderate realism buttressed the sacramental and hierarchical system of the Roman Church
2) Separation of the realms of faith and science
3) Nominalism aided in an emphasis on individualism
4) Aquinas's Summa Theologica provided the Roman Catholic church with its first systematic theology

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Causes of Scholasticism:

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1) Emergence of Aristotle's philosophy
2) The use of philosophy in the study of revelation
3) The expansion of the university movement

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Reasons for the Rise of Universities

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1) Use of the Roman Trivium and Quadrivium
2) Presence of a great teacher in a school
3) Student revolts or migrations

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Catherine of Siena

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A famous mystic who pressed pope Gregory XI to return to Rome and restore the papacy

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1377

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Gregory XI returns to Rome and ends the Babylonian Captivity

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Urban VI

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Elected Pope to succeed Gregory XI

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Clement VII

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Elected Pope while Pope Urban VI was still Pope. Caused the Great Schism.

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Meister Eckhart

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Founded German mysticism. "God must become I, and I God."

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Theologica Germana

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written by the Friends of God

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Statute of Provisors of 1351

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Banned the Pope from appointing clergymen to offices in England

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Lollards

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A group of lay preachers who carried on Wycliffe's ideas and teachings

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Savonarola

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Interested in reforming the church in Florence. Tried to reform both church and state. Was hung.

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1378

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Great Schism

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Of Monarchy

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written by Dante. Insisted that the state as well as the church was the arm of God

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Defensor Pacis

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written by Marilius of Padua. States that the Emperor is above the Pope, the NT alone can proclaim dogma, and Church Councils should be the highest authority in the Church

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1409

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Council of Pisa

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1414-1418

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Council of Constance

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1431-49

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Councils of Basel and Ferrara

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1350-1650

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Renaissance

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Marsilio Ficino

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Translated Plato's works into Latin

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Ximenes

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Printed a Greek NT in 1514 but did not sell it because the Pope did not approve

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1066

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Battle of Hastings and establishment of the English Parliament

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1295

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Edward I called the Model Parliament

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1337-1453

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Hundred Years' War

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War of the Roses

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Wiped out the old feudal nobility and allowed for an alliance between the king and the middle class