Church History Exam

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Polycarp

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2nd century. Bishop of Smyrna. Martyred 155 A.D.. "For 86 years I have served him, and he has done me no evil. How could I curse my king, who saved me?"

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Clement of Rome

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1st century. Bishop of Rome. Wrote 1 Clement (95 A.D.) to Corinthian church, the first Christian document outside the canon.

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Ignatius

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2nd century. Bishop of Syria. Wrote seven letters en route to his martyrdom in Rome emphasizing 1) upcoming martyrdom; 2) unity of the church (3 offices); 3) full-divinity and -humanity of Jesus.

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Clement of Alexandria

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3rd century. Apologist who defended Christianity using Hellenistic, Platonic philosophy. Revelation on par with reason.

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Marcion

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2nd century. God of OT (harsh, tyrannical) ≠ God of Jesus and Paul (loving, merciful). Produced Marcionite canon (10 of Paul's letters + Luke)

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Justin Martyr

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2nd century. Apologist pleading for a fair hearing. Christians are not atheists, anarchists, or criminals. Irrational to punish Christians for name "Xtian" and not proven criminal acts.

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Origen

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3rd century. Pupil of Clement of Alexandria. Highly allegorical interpretation of Scripture. Gnostic soteriology. Produced the Hexapla.

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Tertullian

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3rd century. Formulated orthodox doctrine of Trinity (one ousia, three hypostases). Strict separation b/w philosophy and Xtianity: "What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem?"

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Constantine

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4th century. Roman emperor converted at Milvian Bridge (sign of chi rho). Ends Xtian persecution. Builds "New Rome" in Constantinople.

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Eusebius of Caesarea

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4th century. Ardent admirer of Constantine. Father of church history (Ecclesiastical History).

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Council of Nicea

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325 A.D. 1st ecumenical council. Deals with Arian controversy. Jesus is "begotten, not made" and "of one substance [homoousios] with the Father."

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Arius

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4th century. Elder in Alexandria. Denied the full divinity of Jesus. "There was when He was not." Condemned at Nicea.

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Athanasius

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4th century. Bishop of Alexandria. Defended orthodox Christology against Arius; vindicated at Nicea. Festal Letter (367) first to list all 66 books of the Christian canon.

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Council of Constantinople

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381 A.D. Ratifies divinity of Jesus and Holy Spirit too. First council to definitively proclaim the doctrine of the Trinity.

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Antony

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4th century. Desert ascetic who wrestled with demons. A mentor to Athanasius.

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Pachomius

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4th century. Founded communal monasticism.

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John Chrysostom

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5th century. "Golden mouthed" preacher.

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Jerome

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5th century. Translated the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate).

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Pelagius

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5th century. Taught humans are born free like Adam (posse peccare, posse non peccare). Salvation possible by keeping the law w/o divine intervention, grace.

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Augustine

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5th century. Bishop of Hippo. Most influential Western theologian. Wrote against Manicheans, Donatists, and Pelagians. Theology emphasizes original sin, predestination, God's sovereignty, and grace.

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Antioch vs. Alexandria

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5th century. Antioch = literal exegesis; two persons of Christ (one human, one divine). Alexandria = allegorical exegesis; unity of two natures (mostly divine).

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Council of Chalcedon

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451 A.D. Two-nature Christology--i.e., Jesus is one person, fully God and fully man, with a rational soul and body.

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Gregory the Great

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6th century. Sent first missionaries to England. Affirmed the existence of purgatory.

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Charlemagne

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9th century. Crowned "emperor" by Pope Leo III. United, western Empire reborn under aegis of the church. Christianity spreads at the point of the sword.

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Great Schism

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1054 A.D. Final break b/w Eastern and Western churches. Primary cause = Pope Leo IX claimed to have authority over the four Eastern patrirachs + insertion of filioque clause into the Nicene Creed.

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First Crusade

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11th century. Penitential pilgrimage called by Urban II. Recaptured Nicea, Antioch, and Jerusalem. Only crusade with genuine military successes.

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Anselm

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11th century. Archbishop of Canterbury and Scholastic theologian. Famous ontological argument--it is impossible to think of something/one greater than God. Further developed theory of sub. atonement: only infinite God can deal with infinite sin; only a human being can die for human sin.

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Bernard of Clairvaux

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12th century. Abbot and mystic who influenced many to fight in the 2nd crusade.

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Francis of Assisi

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13th century. Merchant turned monk who founded the Franciscan order. Emphasized poverty and obedience to the Rule (cf. St. Benedict).

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Thomas Aquinas

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13th century. Greatest of the medieval Scholastic theologians. Summa Theologiae attempts to integrate Xtianity and Aristotelian philosophy. Man can determine whether God exists or not based on the autonomous use of his reason.

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John Wycliffe

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14th century. English theologian and early reformer. True lordship is modeled after Christ (serve, not be served). True church is invisible body predestined to salvation. Translated Bible into English from Vulgate. Condemned a heretic by RC church.

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John Huss

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15th century. Pastor and professor in Prague who propagated Wycliffe's teachings. The Bible is the final authority by which the pope and any Xtian is to be judged. Burned at the stake.

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Ulrich Zwingli

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16th century. Swiss reformer based in Zurich. Preached through Greek NT (not lectionary). Differed from other reformers (esp. Luther) on issues of the Lord's Supper. No instruments in church. Church and state should work cooperatively, hand-in-hand.

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Erasmus of Rotterdam

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16th century. Humanist who produced reliable, critical edition of the Greek NT.

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William Tyndale

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16th century. English reformed who translated the Bible into English from the original Greek and Hebrew. Burned at stake.

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Martin Luther

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16th century. German Augustinian monk who sparked Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses. Tower experience--righteousness of God is a gift, received by faith. Protested penance, purgatory, indulgences (RC soteriology). Translated NT into German.

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Henry VIII

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16th century. Wanted male heir; six infamous wives. Break with Rome (Act of Supremacy) triggers the Reformation in England.

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Thomas Cranmer

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16th century. Archbishop of Canterburgy who annulled Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Promoted Reformation principles in England. Wrote 42 Articles and Book of Common Prayer.

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Philipp Melanchthon

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16th century. Luther's protege. Responsible for Augsburg Confession. First Lutheran systematic theologian.

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John Calvin

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16th century. French reformed and theologian who pastored church in Geneva. Wrote Institutes of the Xtian Religion. Ecclesiastical ordinances adopted in Geneva--i.e., 4-fold ministry (pastors, teachers, elders, and deacons) and three courts (local church, "venerable company," and "consistory").

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John Knox

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16th century. Spends time with Calvin in Geneva. Brings Calvinism and Presbyterian polity back to Scotland. Writes the church's new confession and ecclesiastical order--i.e., Scots Confession and First Book of Discipline.

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Jacobus Arminius

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16th century. Dutch theologian who rejected "unconditional election" and "limited atonement." Taught that "prevenient grace" has been conferred on all--this grace is sufficient for belief and salvation, despite our sinful condition.

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Moses Amyraut

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17th century. French theologian who taught a modified version of "limited atonement." The atonement is unlimited in scope (Christ died for sins of the world) though limited in effect (only elect are saved).

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Richard Baxter

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17th century. Puritan preacher/teacher who sought to reform the English church. Wrote The Reformed Pastor.

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Jonathan Edwards

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18th century. American, Calvinist theologian. True religion affects head and heart. Edwards was a "New Light" who played a critical role in the First Great Awakening.

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Zinzendorf

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18th century. German Pietist and leader of the Moravian church who influenced the worldwide missions movement (Hernhutt).

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George Whitefield

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18th century. English, Calvinist evangelist who helped spread the Great Awakening in England and the American colonies.

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John Wesley

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18th century. English, Arminian evangelist who founded the Methodist movement.

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William Carey

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19th century. English, Baptist missionary pioneer. Wrote "An Inquiry..." "Father of Modern Missions." Spent 40 years in India and translated the Bible into 25 local languages.

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Charles Finney

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19th century. Father of Modern Revivalism and leader in the Second Great Awakening. An opponent of "Old School" Presbyterianism and advocate for Christian perfectionism. President at Oberlin College.

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Charles Hodge

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19th century. American Presbyterian, long-time professor at Princeton, and staunch defender of orthodox Calvinism.

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D. L. Moody

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19th century. American Arminian, premellinnialist preacher who carried out major evangelistic campaigns in England during the 1870s.

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B. B. Warfield

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20th century. Princeton theologian and staunch defender of orthodox Calvinism.

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George Muller

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19th century. Christian evangelist who started many orphanages in England.

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Charles Spurgeon

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19th century. Baptist "Prince of Preachers" who was pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London for 38 years.

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Five solas of the Reformation

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1. Sola Scriptura
2. Sola gratia
3. Sola fide
4. Solus Christus (priesthood of all believers)
5. Soli Deo gloria (Christian vocation)

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Scholasticism

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Method of learning that places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning. Attempts to reconcile Xtianity with classical philosophy, especially that of Aristotle.

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Babylonian Captivity (Avignon Papacy)

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Starting with Clement V, 7 popes resided in modern-day France. Church greatly corrupted by simony (buying church offices) and nepotism (giving offices to friends and relatives).

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Humanism

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A love for the humanities, original sources. Humanists were proficient in Latin and Greek; they loved studying the literature, manuscripts, and letters of the Greco-Roman empire. Cf. Erasmus of Rotterdam.

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Radical Reformation

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Anabaptists. Emphasized the purity of the visible church and thus, believer's baptism.

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Puritanism

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English Calvinism. Saw themselves as a "New Israel" and "city on a hill." Wnated to build a model Xtian society. Church at the center of all life. In order to vote, had to be a church member; in order to be a church member, had to prove regeneration.

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Fundamentalism

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Blend of dispensational theology and Princeton theology (inerrancy of the Word). Victorian ideals and older morality; emphasize inward, personal piety; suspicious of new learning; politically conservative; individual values.

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Modernism

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Influenced by modern science (e.g., Darwin) and historical criticism (e.g., Wellhausen). Flexible or "loose" morality; Social Gospel; open to secular education; politically liberal; community values.

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Neo-orthodoxy

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New form of modernism. Famous figures include Bultmann and Barth. Christ of history ≠ Christ of faith. Existentialist, "leap of faith." "Love ethic."

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Belgic Confession

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1561. Attempted by persecuted Christians to prove Reformed faith from Scripture. Written during the Spanish persecution in the Low Countries.

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Heidelberg Catechism

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1563. Contains elements of both Calvinist and Lutheran views.

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Synod and Canons of Dort

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1619. Synod called in response to Arminian controversy. Formulates the five points of Calvinism (TULIP).

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Westminster Assembly

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1643-1649. Produced WCF, WLC, and WSC. The WCF is the first confession of faith to incorporate Covenant Theology explicitly; emphasizes Puritan Sabbath.

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First Great Awakening

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18th century. Failure of Puritan theocracy. Major figures: Edwards and Whitefield. Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregational. Doctrinal preaching in churches. Calvinist.

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Second Great Awakening

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19th century. Frontier expansion. Major figures: Asbury and Finney. Methodist and Baptist. Circuit riding, camp meetings. Arminian.

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Auburn Affirmation

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1924. Rejection of the Five Fundamentals.

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Five Fundamentals

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1. Inerrancy of the Bible
2. Virgin birth of Christ.
3. Substitutionary atonement.
4. Bodily resurrection and physical return of Christ.
5. Jesus' mighty miracle-working power.

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Fall of Rome

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410 A.D. Beginning of Middle Ages (5th-15th centuries)

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Renaissance

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14th-17th centuries. Humanist movement. Rediscover, interpret, and apply the language, literature, and values of ancient Greece and Rome. Emphasized the genius of man.