Child Language - English Language

Front 1

Critical period

Back 1

Time which child must be exposed to Lang for successful acquisition. Maturational stage in lifespan of an organism when nervous system, especially sensitive certain environmental stimuli. If organism doesn't receive appropriate stimuli during "critical period" to learn given skills/traits. - potential to develop functions later in life become potentially difficult & less successful. Functions are indispensable to survival, i.e. vision (likely develops during period'). Relates ability to acquire ones 1st Lang. Passing period means not acquiring 1st Lang fluently.

Front 2

Nativism

Back 2

Opposite to nurture. Idea that all Lang is in-built. Theory concepts mental capacities & mental structures.

Front 3

Ellipsis / omission

Back 3

Deletion of words, phrases, phonemes etc - * I tired.

Front 4

Motherese

Back 4

Ways mothers talk to young. Features: simplified grammar, exaggerated speech melody, diminutive forms of words i.e. doggie & highly repetitive style.

Front 5

Multi-stage

Back 5

Involves several stages / processes. Greater command of grammar & extending vocab e.g. I go shop, I buy food, i am going to the shop.

Front 6

Parataxis

Back 6

Multiple strings of simple sentences

Front 7

Overextension & underextension

Back 7

Categorical overextension - word from particular categorical applied to all words from category 'apple' - 'fruit'.

Analogical overextension - word from 1 category applied to a word from different category. (Still link between 2 words) 'ball' to refer to orange.

Mismatch overextension - random words to represent other words from categories with no obvious link e.g. 'chair' for 'glass'.

Underextension - Restricting application of a word to only 1 context e.g. recognising mum as female but not recognising any other female relative as female.

Front 8

Negation

Back 8

Negative statement using negative particles.

Front 9

Network building

Back 9

Connections between words; synonyms & autonyms e.g. cold, freezing, chilly, on/off, in/out.

Front 10

Receptive vocab

Back 10

Words children comprehend despite not producing them themselves.

Front 11

Proto-words

Back 11

Part of word/ reduced form which is produced before Lang properly acquired, has consistent meaning e.g. mama= mother.

Front 12

Word pronunciation (phonology)

Back 12

Bilabial - lips come together to produce sound (b,p,m)

Dental - Teeth come over lips to produce sound (f,v)

Alveolar dental - Tongue touches hard alveolar ridge above teeth to produce sound (d,t)

Palatal - Tongue touches domed part of the hard palate of the mouth at top (sh)

Velar - sound comes from velum of the back of throat (g,k)

Glottal - stop from back of throat vocal folds brought together 'bu __ er' instead of 'butter'.

Nasal - airflow travels through nose to produce sound (m, n, ng)

Front 13

Plosive, fricative, affricate, approximant

Back 13

Plosive - burst of air e.g. PoP

Fricative - friction; restricted airflow e.g. FiFty.

Affricate - two-part consonant sound e.g. juDGe.

Approximant - sounds produced with little friction (r,w,l,t)

Place of articulation - whereabouts sound is produced e.g. bilabial

Voicing - whether vibration of vocal chords occur, characterizes speech, voiceless (unvoiced) or voiced (B vs. P)

Front 14

Monophthong & Diphthong

Back 14

Monophthong - single, short vowel sounds e.g. TAP

Diphthong - Gliding, long vowel sound e.g. foll

oll

Front 15

Assimilation, intonation, substitution, deletion & addition

Back 15

Assimilation - 1 sound becomes similar to other sound near. Handbag = Hambag.

Intonation - Rising/falling of voice. 3 main patterns: falling intonation, rising intonation & fall-rise intonation.

Substitution - Replacing 1 sound with another, substitutes harder sounds with easier ones e.g. Tebby (Teddy)

Deletion - Omitting 1 sound e.g. Mou (mouth)

Addition - including extra sound e.g dgog (dog) "goingg".

Front 16

Consonant cluster reduction

Back 16

Form of deletion which drops consonant in favour of a consonant-vowel structure e.g. pider (spider)

Front 17

Virtuous error & Child-Directed speech (CDS)

Back 17

Virtuous errors - acceptable error, accepted as part of development e.g. ship instead of chip.

CDS - Adult speaking to child using simplified vocab, melodic pitch, repetitive questioning & slow/ deliberate tempo.

Front 18

Triadic & Dyadic interaction

Back 18

Triadic - 3 entities (2 parents, child or parent, child, toy)

Dyadic - 2 entities (parent & child, child & toy)

Front 19

Behaviourism (behavioural psychology)

Back 19

Process of conditioning drawing connections between learning, using rewards, punishments etc. Behaviourists believe our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.