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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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close relationships between elements in neighboring groups
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diagonal relationships
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an element or organic compound that is found in nature as solid crystals
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mineral
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material from which a mineral can be removed at a reasonable cost
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ore
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forms of an element in the same physical state - solid, liquid or gas - that have different structures and properties
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allotropes
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the f - block elements from period 6
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lanthanide series
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the f-block elements from period 7
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actinide series
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the strong attraction of a substance to a magnetic field
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ferromagnetism
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th branch of applied science that studies and designs methods for extracting metals and their compound from ores
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metallurgy
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why are elements in groups 1A through 8A called representative elements?
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because they display a wide range of physical and chemical properties
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What determines the chemical behavior of an element?
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the number and location of valence electrons determine the chemistry of an element
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Why are alkali metals stored in oil?
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to prevent a reaction with oxygen in the air
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what do group 1A and group 2A elements have in common? Give at least three examples.
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Both very reactive, both metals, usually found combined in nature
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What types of ions make water hard? What is the main problem with using hard water?
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~calcium and magnesium ions
~difficult to wash oil from hair or grease from dishes ~can clog pipes, water heaters, and appliances |
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Name three factors that make magnesium a good choice for alloys?
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strong, light, can be formed into almost any shape
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In general, how do p-block elements differ from s-block elements?
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s - all metals and highly reactive
p - metals, nonmetals, and metalloid, different variation of reactivity |
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How do animals obtain the nitrogen they need to build compounds such as proteins?
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bacteria in the soil and roots of plants change molecular nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
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Explain why noble gases were among the last naturally occurring elements to be discovered.
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because they are colorless and unreactive
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What is an allotrope? Describe two allotropes of carbon.
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~forms of an element in the same physical state that have different structures and properties
~graphite and diamond |
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Compare the physical and chemical properties of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
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Chlorine and Fluorine react with almost all elements. bromine and iodine are not commercially used a lot
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how do a mineral and an ore differ?
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mineral is the inorganic compound found in nature, an ore is a material from which a mineral can be removed
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Why are elements within a group similar in chemical and physical properties?
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because they have the same number of valence electrons
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which groups have representative elements?
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1A-8A
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What is a diagonal relationship?
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close relationship between elements in neighboring groups
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What happens when hydrogen reacts with a nonmetal element?
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it gains an electron and achieves the stable electron configuration of helium
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What is heavy water?
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large quantities of calcium and magnesium ions are found in the water supply
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What is the charge on alkali metal ions? on alkaline earth metal ions?
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alkali~ 1+
alkaline earth~ 2+ |
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identify the element that fits each description?
a. elements in baking soda that turns a flame yellow b. metallic element found in limestone c. radioactive alkali metal |
a. sodium
b. calcium c. francium |
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List some ways group 2A elements differ from group 1A elements.
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2A are less reactive
harder than 1A |
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Explain why cesium is a more reactive alkali metal than sodium?
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because Cesium has a larger atomic mass, and number
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Use their electron configurations to explain why calcium is less reactive than potassium?
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Because calciums s-level is completely full where potassium is not
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list at least one use for each of the following compounds.
a. sodium chloride(table salt) b. calcium oxide(lime) c. potassium chloride |
a.keep food from spoiling and to preserve foods for long-term storage
b.manufacture of steel, paper, and glass, to make soil less acidic, remove pollutants from smokestacks c.salt substitute , fertilizers |
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Explain Why the halogens are extremely reactive non-metals.
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because they gave 7 valence electrons they tend to gain 1 or share 1
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Explain why most carbon compounds are classified as organic compounds.
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because organic compounds mean contains carbon, and most carbon compounds have carbons
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What is the charge on halogen ions?
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1-
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Argon has only one more proton than chlorine. Explain why these two gases have such different chemical properties?
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because they have different numbers of valence electrons, argon is completely full and chlorine is reactive because its missing only one
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Why is red phosphorus classified as and amorphous solid?
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because it is less reactive
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Why is lead no longer used in paints or for plumbing pipes?
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because it is toxic, poison
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Compare the allotropes of oxygen
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carbon monoxide and hydrogen oxide
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Identify the element that fits each description.
a. greenish-yellow gas used to disinfect water b. main element in emeralds and aquamarines c. lightweight metal extracted from bauxite ore d. the most abundant element in Earth's crust |
a.iodine
b. c. aluminum d.oxygen |
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Name the element that combines with oxygen to form a compound that fits each description
a. the compound that can be melted to form glass b. the main compound in ruby and sapphire c. a compound used to preserve fruit and produce an inexpensive acid |
a. silicon dioxide
b. aluminum oxide c. sulfur dioxide |
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What is the difference between the transition metals and the inner transition metals?
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transition ~ fill d-orbitals
inner ~ fill f-orbitals |
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Which of the following elements would be the hardest?Why?
titanium, vanadium, chromium and manganese |
Chromium because has most unpaired electrons
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Which of the following elements would be least likely to form compounds with color?Why?
titanium, vanadium,chromium, and manganese |
titanium because its valence electrons do not get high enough energy level
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How are differences in properties among the transition elements explained?
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because of d-valence electrons in combination with non valence electrons
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How can transition metals form an ion with a charge of 3+ or higher?
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it borrows one from another level
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identify three ways transition metals are separated from their ores?
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by heat, electricity or solution
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Explain how a metal can become a temporary magnet
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One unpaired electron can be attracted to a magnetic field, it can move from field
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Explain why some metals can act as permanent magnets.
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some ions align themselves, and do not move from field
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found in the center of a hemoglobin molecule
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iron
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provides a protective coating to resist rusting
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zinc
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used in electrical wiring
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copper
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needed for the development of red blood cells
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cobalt
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can control the conditions at which a reaction occurs
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platinum
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involved in cell respiration
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manganese and copper
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the main element in steel
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iron
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are classified as "strategic" metals
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tungsten, chromium, cobalt, platinum, manganese
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found in molecules that help the body digest proteins and eliminate carbon dioxide
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zinc
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the best conductor of electricity
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silver
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because there is little difference in the properties of the __________, they are usually found mixed together in nature.
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lanthanides
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Welder's goggles contain ________ and __________ because these elements absorb high energy radiation.
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neodymium and praseodymium
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because some of its compounds emit red light when excited by electrons, ______ is often used in TV screens.
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yttrium
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the _______ are radioactive.
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actinide
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Elements with atomic numbers above 92 are called _________.
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transuranium
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Some smoke detectors used in homes contain _______.
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americium
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Why are elements in groups 1A - 8A called representative elements?
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because they display a wide range of physical and chemical properties
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What do all the elements in a group have in common?
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same number of valence electrons
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How many valence electrons do group 1A elements have? Group 2A elements?
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~ 1 valence e-
~ 2 valence e- |
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What is the difference between the electron configuration for elements in groups 1A and 2A and those for elements in group 3A - 8A?
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Groups 1A and 2A have only the s-orbitals
3A - 8A have s and p-orbitals |
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Why don't all elements in a group have the same properties?
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Although they do have the same number of valence electrons, they have different numbers of non valence electrons
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Why is hydrogen not considered part of any group?
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Because hydrogen has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
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How does hydrogen act like a metal? A nonmetal?
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metal~ reacts with a metal it gains an electron
nonmetal~ reacts with a nonmetal it loses an electron |
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Name two ways hydrogen is produced in the lab.
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When a metal reacts with an acid or when electricity is used to separate hydrogen from oxygen
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True/False
Alkali and alkaline Earth metals are not reactive. |
False
reactive |
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True/False
Alkali metals are shiny gray solids soft enough to be cut by a knife |
True
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True/False
the metal lithium has a diagonal relation shop with the metal magnesium |
True
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True/False
An alloy is a compound of metal and oxygen |
False
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True/False
Sodium and potassium are the most abundant alkali metals |
true
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True/False
Potassium chloride can be used as a substitute for sodium chloride |
True
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True/False
Alkaline earth metals form ions with a +2 charge |
True
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True/False
The order of reactivity of the alkaline earth metals, from most to leas reactive, is beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium |
False
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True/False
Alkaline earth metals do not react with oxygen |
False
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non sparking tools
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beryllium
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fireworks
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strontium
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fertilizers
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potassium
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chlorophyll
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magnesium
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chalk
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calcium
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x rays
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barium
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treating bipolar disorders
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lithium
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baking soda
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sodium
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the p-block elements contain metals, _______, nonmetals, and ______.
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metalloids
noble gases |
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boron is found in California in the form of _______
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borax
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_______ is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust.
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aluminum
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boron nitride and aluminum oxide are both _____.
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abrasives
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graphite and diamond are examples of ________ because they are different forms of the same element in the same state.
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allotrope
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the branch of chemistry that studies most carbon compound is _________.
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organic chemistry
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carbonates, cyanides, carbides, sulfides, and oxides of carbon are classified as compounds. Geologists call these substances ________.
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minerals
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The second most abundant element in Earth's crust is _______.
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silicon
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computer chips made of silicon are less efficient than ______ chips.
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gallium
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Explain why graphite is a good lubricant and diamond is an excellent abrasive.
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~the slippery property of graphite
~ tetrahedron makes diamond hard |
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Plants and animals get the nitrogen they need from _____________.
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nitrogen fixing bacteria
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the major industrial use for nitrogen is to make
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ammonia
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which is used as an energy source by certain bacteria living near the ocean vents?
a.oxygen b. hydrogen sulfide c.water |
b. hydrogen sulfide
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ozone is
a. an isotope of oxygen b. a compound of oxygen c. an allotrope of oxygen |
c. an allotrope of oxygen
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The release of phosphate ions from fertilizers or detergents into bodies of water may lead to depletion of dissolved oxygen because _________
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phosphate ions serve as nutrients for algae
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selenium is used in solar panels because it can ______
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convert light into electricity
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the most chemically active of all elements is _____.
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fluorine
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list one use for each compound
a. silicon carbide b. aluminum sulfate c. boric acid d. nitric acid |
a.abrasive,sharpen tools
b.antiperspirants c.eye wash d.produce explosives, dyes, and solid fertilizers |
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When the metal gallium melts, is the liquid that forms an allotrope?
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no, because it is not at the same physical state
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Explain why compounds of zinc are white but compounds containing copper have color?
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ions with color have partially filled d sublevels
ions that are white have an empty d sublevel |
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the ability of a substance to be affected by a magnetic field
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magnetism
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when all of the electrons in atoms or ions are paired; unaffected or slightly repelled
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diamagnetism
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when there is an unpaired electron in the valence orbital of an atom or ion, attracted to a magnetic field
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paramagnetism
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