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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the olfactory epithelium? |
Roof of nasal cavity |
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What are the three cell types in the olfactory epithelium? |
1. Supporting (sustentacular) cells - support, insulation, nourishment 2. Basal (stem) cells - new olfactory receptors 3. Olfactory receptors - "pseudo-ciliated" bipolar sensory neurons sensitive to odorants |
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Structure of olfactory receptors: bipolar ___ order ______ _____ having 1 ___ with ____ and 1 ____ axon |
Bipolar 1st order sensory neurons having 1 dendrite with olfactory hairs & 1 unmyelinated axon |
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The five stages of olfactory transduction |
1. Odorant bunds to (molecular) receptors on dendrite's olfactory hairs 2. G-protein-linked activation of adenyl cyclase (AC) 3. cAMP 4. Na+ influx generator potential 5. Action potentials fire |
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Describe the olfactory pathway |
1. Olfactor receptor's axonic fibers go to the R & L olfactory (I) nerves which penetrates the cribriform plate of ethmoid 2. The nerves synapse with olfactory bulb neurons (2nd order relay neurons) in olfactory bulbs 3. The nerves form olfactory tracts and go to the primary olfactory area of the temporal lobe |
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The olfactory neurons project to the limbic system and hypothalamus for what function? |
Visceral/emotional responses to smell & memory-evoked responses |
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From the primary olfactory area, the neurons project to the thalamus for what function? |
Odor identification and discrimination area of frontal lobe |
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There are #s of primary odors. the nose can recognize # different combination odours. We have #-# million olfactory receptors. |
Hundreds 10000 10-100 |
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The primary taste sensations |
Bitter Sour Salty Sweet Savory |
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Complex flavours: a combination of ___ + ___ + ____ |
Primary tastes, smell, tactile sensations |
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Taste transduction - dissolved tastants bind ____ ____ ionic tastes: salty (___) or sour (___) enter cell via ___ ___ of different ___ _____ (cells) cause a ____ influx and then an exocytotic release of ____ which leads to ____ in 1st order sensory neurons, then _______ |
gustatory hairs; Na+; H+ ion channels; gustatory receptors; Ca2+; neurotransmitters; EPSPs; firing of action poetntails |
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organic tastes: sweet, bitter, umami bind____ ____ ___ of different ___ ___ (cells) which leads to ________ release - 2nd messenger effects: 1) closes ___-channels, ____ cell leading to ___ influx 2) releases stored __ ____ - increased cytosolic ___ leads to exocytotic release of ____ which leads to ___ thereafter _____ |
surface protein receptors; gustatory receptors; 2nd messenger 1) K+; depolarizing; Ca2+ 2) ER Ca2+ Ca2+; neurotransmitter; neurotransmitter; EPSPs; action potential firing |
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What are the four papillae types? 1. vallate (aka _____) papillae: - V-shaped row near __________ 2. fungiform papillae - scattered over ___________ 3. foliate papillae - _____________ 4. filiform papillae - ______ - _____ -_______ |
1. circumvallate; - back of tongue 2. dorsal tongue surface 3. sides of tongue 4. most numerous - no taste buds - contain tactile receptors |
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the gustatory pathways - taste afferents = VII (Facial): taste buds in _________; IX (glossopharyngeal): taste buds in _____; X (vagus): taste buds in _________ |
anterior 2/3 of tongue posterior 1/3 of tongue throat and epiglottis |
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the gustatory pathways taste afferent synapse with 2nd order relay neurons in _______ of ____ - from ___, some go to the _____ for pleasure and ______ - from __, some go to the ____ and to the _____ of ____ and _____ |
gustatory nucleus; medulla medulla; limbic system and hypothalamus; taste aversion medulla; thalamus; primary gustatory area; parietal lobe; nearby association areas |
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Eyeballs are located in ___under ______ where ___ are located |
Orbits; supraorbital ridges; eyebrows |
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Extrinsic (aka ___) muscles of the eye include 3 pairs of ____ extrinsic muscles that are controlled by the three cranial nerves _____ that are controlled by the ___ and ___ |
Extraocular; antagonistic; III oculomotor, IV trochlear, VI abducens; brain stem and cerebellum |
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Name the three pairs of antagonistic extrinsic muscles and their functions |
1. Superior rectus: elevation 2. Inferior rectus: depression 3. Lateral rectus: abduction 4. Medial rectus: adduction 5. Superior oblique: intorsion 6. Inferior oblique: extorsion |
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What are the functions of the eyelids? |
Shade Protection Lubrication |
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The surface anatomy of the eyelid includes |
Palpebral fissure (space between the upper and lower eyelids that exposes the eyeball) Lateral and medial commissures (angles of the palpebral fissure) Lacrimal caruncle (contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands) |
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The 9 palpebral layers include |
1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Subcutaneous tissue 4. Orbicularis oculi muscle 5. Tarsal plate (thick CT gives forma and support to eyelids) 6. Tarsal gland (Meibomian gland) (secrete fluids that helps keep eyelids from adhering to each other) 7. Tarsal plate 8. Areolar CT 9. Palpebral conjunctiva (lines inner aspect of eyelids) |
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Eyelid muscles include |
Orbicularis oculi Levator palpebrae superioris muscle |
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Tarsal glands (aka ___) are embedded in the ____ secrete a ______. Infection of which would lead to ____. |
Meibomian glands; tarsal plate Lipid-rich secretion Chalazion |
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Contact with eyelashes (e.g. ____) cause the _____. At the base of hair follicles are _____. Infection of this causes ____. |
Airborne grit ; blink reflex; sebaceous ciliary glands; sty |
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There are two parts to the lacrimal apparatus. What are they? |
1. Lacrimal gland + excretory lacrimal duct 2. Lacrimal sac + superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi + nasolacrimal duct |
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The lacrimal gland secretes ____ which contain ___,____,____. Their functions are to ____, _____, and to ____. |
Lacrimal fluid (tears) Salt, mucus, lysozyme Protect, clean, lubricate |
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Lacrimal glands activate by ____ _____ via the ____ nerve. |
Parasympathetic innervation ; facial (VII) nerve |
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The pathway of tears go from the excretory lacrimal ducts to the ______ to the _____to the ___ to the ____ and finally the nose. |
Lacrimal puncta Superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct |
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Infection of the lacrimal sac leads to |
Dacrocystitis |
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The three coats (___) of the wall of the eyeball include |
Tunica Fibrous tunic Vascular tunic (aka, uvea) Retina (aka, inner tunic) |
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Parts of a fibrous tunic
A ____ is a white dense ___which surrounds the ___except at the ___
The ____is a transparent ___ over the ___. The canal of Schlemm (aka _____) drains ____. Dysfunction of this causes ____
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Sclera; C.T. ; eyeball; cornea Cornea; cover; iris Scleral venous sinus; aqueous humor; glaucoma |
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The vascular tunic (aka the ___) - The choroid is the __,___ layer that contains many ___ ___ and ____ stray ____. |
Uvea Middle, dark brown Blood vessels Absorbs stray light |
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The vascular tunic - the ciliary body runs from the ____ to the ____/____ junction. It contains the ciliary _____ which controls the shape of the ___. The ciliary ___ secrete ______ and attach _____ (aka _____). Accomodation for near vision: Contraction of the ____ decreases tension on ____ which contributes to ______ |
Ora serrata ; corneal/scleral ; ciliary muscle; lens; processes ; aqueous humor ; zonular fibers; suspensory ligaments Ciliary muscle; zonular fibera; rounding up of lens |
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The vascular tunic iris = circular pigmented ___, which regulates the size of ___ - eye colour = type and ___ of ___ which includes ____ and ____ pupillary responses to varying light intensity: a) ____: bright light causes contraction of ___ ___(parasympathetic) b) ___: dim light causes contraction of _____ (sympathetic) |
diaphragm; pupil; amount melanin; eumelanin; pheomelanin;
a) miosis; sphincter pupillae b) mydriasis: dilator pupillae |
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the retina contains what 2 layers? |
pigment layer neural layer |
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The retinal pigment layer contains ____. Cancer involving over production of melanin is called ________. |
melanin; ocular melanoma |
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The retinal neural layer is composed of what 3 layers? 1) _____ layer = ___ and ____ 2) bipolar cell layer = ____ cells 3) ____ cell layer = ____ ___ whose fibers innervate the ___ _____ |
photoreceptor layer = rods and cones bipolar ganglion; ganglion cells; optic (II) nerve |
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The 2 zones of the retina include |
the outer synaptic zone and the inner synaptic zone |
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Retina rods and cones contain ____-_____ _____ |
light-sensitive pigments |
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Retina light striking ___________permit __ ___ to stimulate ___ __ to fire action potentials along their axons, which form the ___ ____ |
photoreceptors; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic (II) nerve |
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2 other retinal cell types other than bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the bipolar cell layer include ____ and ____ |
horizontal cells and amacrine cells |
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neural cell convergence There are ___ million rods/retina; ___million cones/retina, but only __million ganglion cells up to ___ rods synapse with each bipolar cell 1 cone synapses with each ___ cell |
120; 6; 1 600 bipolar |
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neural cell convergence There is signal integration ___ action potentials sent to __ ___ ___ of thalamus and then to __ __ ___ of occipital lobes |
before; lateral geniculate nucleus primary visual area |
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photoreceptors rods are responsible for ____ vision (___ light) cones are responsible for ___ vision (____ light) cone types: ___, ____ and ___ |
black/white; dim colour; bright blue, green, red |
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retina the optic disc (aka ___ __) is where the ___ __ and ___ ___ __ and __ pass through the retina |
blind spot; optic nerve; central retinal artery and vein |
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examination of the eye grounds is done through an |
ophthalmoscope |
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macula lutea = oval, ___ ___ area with depression, ____ ____. The ____ ____is the area of the highest ___ ___ (aka, resolution) due to greatest concentration of ___ |
yellowish retinal; fovea centralis fovea centralis; visual acuity; cones |
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age-related macular disease (AMD, aka ___ ___) involves___ in central visual field. There are two types: ____ ____ and __ ___ |
macular degeneration; gaps; dry form, wet form |
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Retinal detachment occurs when ___ accumulates between ___ and ___ Treatment is ___ ____ or ___ ___ |
fluid; retina and choroid pneumatic retinopexy; scleral buckle |
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The interior of the eyeball contains the ___ ___ and the ___ ____ |
crystalline lens; anterior and posterior cavities |
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The crystalline lens is attached to ___ ___ by ___ ___ (_____ ___). It is composed of ___ ___, arranged in laminae. Cataracts is ___ in lens which leads to ___ vision. |
ciliary processes; zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments); crystallin protein opacity; blurred |
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Posterior cavity (aka ___ ___) is behind __, filled with ___ ____ (aka, ___ ___). Within this are usually ____ ____, collections of debris casting a shadow on the retina. A narrow channel running through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens is the ___ ___, the site of ___ ___. |
vitreous chamber; lens; vitreous humor; vitreous body; vitreal floaters; hyaloid canal; hyaloid artery |
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Anterior cavity located between the ___ and ___. It is subdivided into the ____ and ____. It is filled with ___ ___ made by ___ ___. Intra-ocular pressure (IOP) is between the normal range __ - ___mmHg. The average pressure is ___mm Hg. |
cornea and lens; anterior chamber and posterior chamber; aqueous humor; ciliary processes; 12-22mmHg; 16mmHg |
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Glaucoma is a disease within the ___ ___. Normally, aqueous humor is drained by ____ (aka, __ __ ___). This is blocked in glaucoma, which causes the ___ ____ to ___ on the neurons of the retina, leading to compression of ___ ___. Ischemic damage leads to ___ or ____ ____. |
anterior cavity; canal of Schlemm (aka scleral venous sinus); intra-ocular pressure increase; retinal arteries; partial or complete blindness |
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Image Formation - visible light - ____ of __ ____ spectrum (__-___nm) - vision is a result of the presence of retinal ___ capable of recording these ___ ____ |
wavelengths of electromagnetic energy (400-700-nm) photoreceptors; energy wavelengths |
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refraction of light rays light passing from one ____ medium to another of differing ___ is refracted |
translucent; density |
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refraction of light rays light striking a concave surface, it is bent ___ (____) |
outward (divergence) |
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refraction of light rays light striking a convex surface, it is bent ___ (____) |
inward; convergence |
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refraction at light rays converging light rays meet at the ___ ____ |
focal point |
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refraction of light rays images on the retina are ___ and ____ |
inverted; reversed |
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several eye parts refract light: - ____ (greatest convergence), ____ ___, ___, ____ ___ |
cornea; aqueous humor; lens; vitreous humor |
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Changing the shape of the lens causes the ___ ____ to move. |
focal point |
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Far vision leads to ___ of ciliary muscles, which causes increased _____ of _____, leading to flattening of the ____
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relaxation; tension; zonular fibers; lens |
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Near vision leads to ____ of ciliary ____, which causes decreased ____ on ____ ____, leading to ___ up of ____ With a more spherical lens shape, the eye can focus on objects ____ meters (___ feet) away |
contraction; muscles; tension; zonular fibers; rounding; lens - less then 6 meters (20 feet) away) |
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Contraction of _____ _____ to enable near vision is called__________ |
ciliary muscles; accomodation |
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the near point of vision = _____ distance from eye that an ___ can be ____ _____ This changes with ___ due to ____ lens ____. |
minimum; object; clearly focused age; decreased; elasticity |
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_____ is the loss of lens elasticity due to advancing age |
presbyopia |
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image formation on the retina is made of 3 processes 1. light _____ by ___ and ___ 2. ___ of lens, for ____ vision 3. constriction of ___ to prevent ___ __ from entering ___ functions #2 and #3 result from ____ ___ innervation for contraction of ___ ___ ____ |
refraction; cornea; lens accommodation; near; pupil; extraneous light; eye parasympathetic motor innervation; intrinsic eye muscles |
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another meaning of convergence is the ___ movement of eyeballs to obtain a ____ image of a ___ object |
medial; single; near |
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emmetropia = ____ ____ |
normal vision |
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refraction abnormalities myopia = _____ causes: treatment: |
nearsightedness (near objects seen clearly) causes: eyeball too long, lenses too thick treatment: concave corrective lenses |
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refraction abnormalities hyperopia (aka _____) = causes: treatment: |
hypermetropia; farsightedness (far objects seen clearly) causes: eyeball too short, lens is too thin treatment: convex corrective lenses |
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refraction abnormalities astigmatism = ____ curvature of ___ or ____ treatment: |
irregular; lens; cornea glasses or contact lens; laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) |
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The photoreceptors for low illumination (i.e. ___ ___) are called ___. Only ___ (located in __ of retinae) are sensitive to ___ ____. They do not detect __ ___ or ___. They are very ___ in low illumination |
night vision; rods; rods; periphery; faint light; fine detail; colour; sensitive |
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In dim light, ____ (pupillary dilation) occurs. |
mydriasis |
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Rods have a very high __ ____ because the electrical activity of many ___ ____ on a single ___ cell |
neural convergence; rods converges; ganglion |
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transduction of light ray energy into ganglion cell nerve impulses by rods: the rod outer segment = ___-like ____ stacks with ___ ____ |
disc-like membrane; embedded rhodopsin |
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transduction of light ray energy into ganglion cell nerve impulses by rods: light splits ____ into retinal and ___; called ___ - cis -> trans ______ causes trans-____to separate from ____ - ___ ____ occur after isomerization and a ___ ____ arises - next, ___ ____ converts trans-retinal into ___-____ which re-associates with ___ ("____") |
rhodopsin; opsin; bleaching isomerization retinal; opsin; chemical reactions; receptor potential; retinal isomerase; cis-retinal; opsin; "regeneration" |
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transduction of light ray energy into ganglion cell nerve impulses by rods: isomerization of retinal 1. activates ___ (PDE) that degrades ____ , closing the ____-gated ___channel 2. leads to a decreased ____ influx (decreased _______), which leads to a ____ receptor potential 3. then a cessation of ____ ___ ____ neurotransmitter release. 4. This permits ____ in bipolar neuron, which activates the ___ cell, and firing of ___ ___ by the ___ cell axon |
1. enzyme; c-GMP; c-GMP; Na2+; 2. Na+ influx; dark current; hyperpolarization; 3. tonic glutamate inhibitory; 4. EPSPs; amacrine; action potentials; ganglion |
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transduction of light ray energy into ganglion cell nerve impulses by rods: regeneration of a functional photopigment: 1. retinal isomerase converts __-___ into cis-form, which re-attaches to ___. 2. This leads to inhibition of the enzyme ___, which causes ___ accumulation in the rod cell. 3. The re-opening of the ____-gated ___ channel leads to a ___ influx (_____) and leads to membrane ____(~____mV). 4. Finally, there is tonic ___ ___ neurotransmitter release (which prevents activation of __ ___ due to ___ causing hyperpolarization of ____), hence, there is no firing of ___ ___ by the ___ cell axon |
1. trans-retinal; opsin;
2. PDE; c-GMP; 3. c-GMP-gated Na+; Na+ (dark current); depolarization (-30mV); 4. glutamate inhibitory; bipolar neuron; IPSPs; bipolar neuron action potentials; ganglion |
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Retinal is a derivative of vitamin ___; which can be found in ____ as ____ |
A; vegetables; carotenes |
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During light adaptation, rods switch ___ (due to decreased amounts of ___) and cones switch __.
In strong light, rod ___ is much faster than regeneration, so rods hardly contribute to ___ ___. Cones do contribute to ___, because they cycle ___. Rapid ___ in strong light occurs so there is always some photopigment in cones as __-form. Another mechanism that reduces rod participation is ___ (___ ____) in bright light. |
"off"; rhodopsin; on bleaching; visual signal visual signal; faster; regeneration; cis miosis; pupillary constriction |
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During dark adaptation, rods switch __ and cones switch __. It takes ___ due to need to synthesize more ____. Cones are insensitive to ___ ___. Another mechanism that increases rod participation: dim light leads to ___ (pupillary dilation) |
on; off; several minutes; rhodopsin; weak light; mydriasis |
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Cones are ____ responsible for ___ vision and ___ acuity.
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photoreceptors; colour; visual |
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Cones The __ ____ is cone-like The cone photopigment is ____ which is made of two components: __ ___ + different _____ |
outer segment; iodopsin cis-retinal + different opsin |
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Cones There are 3 types (based on different molecular versions of ____) that respond to different ____ of light: |
opsin; wavelengths 1. blue 2. green 3. red |
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Cones The perception of many colours involves mixing ___ of 3 different __ ____ |
inputs; cone types |
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Cones most visual images are focused on the ___ ___ because most cones are here |
fovea centralis |
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Cones Colour blindness results from a particular __ ___ being ___ People with red-green color blindness see ___ and ___ as the ___ colour |
cone type; deficient; red and green; same |
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Cones ____ (aka, ________) is a result of ____ vitamin A deficiency |
nyctalopia; night blindness; chronic |
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The Visual Pathway 1. The ___ __ action potentials travel via the ___ (__) nerve, through the __ ____ along the __ ___. 2. The nerve projects to the __ ____ ___ of the thalamus, then via the ___ ___ to ____ ___ ___ of the occipital lobes. |
1. ganglion cells; optic (II); optic chaism; optic tract 2. lateral geniculate nucleus; optic radiations; primary visual area |
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Stereoscopic (aka, Binocular) Vision each eye sends info to brain about object, but from a slightly ___ _____ |
different angle |
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The _____ of ___ leads to stereoscopic vision |
integration of signals |
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Stereoscopic (aka, Binocular) Vision The ability to judge the distance of an object from one eye is called ___ ____ |
depth perception |
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Stereoscopic vision is a two-step process: a. since ___ nerves cross at the ___ ___, each half of brain receives information from both ___ about the same part of an ___ b. two halves of the brain ___ about the 3D ___ of object |
optic nerves; optic chaism; eyes; object communicate; interpretation |
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Process of stereoscopic vision 1. neurons carrying information about the ___ ___ __ of one eye and __ _____ __ of opposite eye project to the same cerebral hemisphere 2. axons from two ___ halves of the retinae cross in ____ ___ 3. axons from two __ ___ of the retinae remain uncrossed |
nasal visual field; temporal visual field 1. nasal visual field; temporal visual field 2. medial; optic chaism 3. lateral halves |
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Process of stereoscopic vision Also, ganglion cell axon collaterals go to the 1. ____ - ____ ___ for pupillary and accommodation reflexes - ___ __: head and eye movements 2. _____ ___ of hypothalamus |
1. midbrain - pretectal nuclei - superior colliculi 2. suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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2 sensory functions located in the inner ear include |
Equilibrium (balance) Hearing (audition) |
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Mechanoreceptors are " ____" with ____ that respond to mechanical stimulation |
Hair cells Stereocilia |
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External outer ear The auricle (aka ___) includes A. B. |
Pinna Helix Lobule |
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External (outer) ear The external auditory canal ( aka _____) is lined with ____ and ____ including A. B. C. |
Ext. Auditory meatus Epidermis; derivatives a. Fine hairs B. Sweat glands C. Ceruminous glands |
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Ceruminous glands secrete _____ (aka ____) A plugged up ear canal is called an ____ ____. |
cerumen, earwax impacted cerumen |
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External (outer) ear Besides the auricle and external auditory canal, there is also the ___ ____ (____). Tearing of this results in a ___ ___, with symptoms such as tinnitus and discharge. |
tympanic membrane (eardrum) perforated eardrum |
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The middle ear is the space within the ____ bones, and begins just ___ to the tympanic membrane. It extends to the ___ wall with ___ ___ and ___ window (covered by membranes). |
temporal; medial; bony; oval window; round window |
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In between the middle ear are 3 small ___ ____ 1. ___ (___) 2. ___( ____) 3. ___ (____) - footplate rests on __ ___'s membrane |
auditory ossicles; 1. malleus (hammer) 2. incus (anvil) 3. stapes (stirrup) - oval window |
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The middle ear opens to a duct leading to the ___ sinuses. Middle ear infections are called ___ ___. |
mastoid; otitis media |
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Middle ear
The auditory (aka ____; aka ____) tube is from the __ ___ to ____. It functions in __ __ ______ on both eardrum surfaces, so that sound waves striking the eardrum are not ____. |
Eustachian; pharyngotympanic middle ear; nasopharynx; air pressure equalization; attentuated |
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Middle ear Protection against loud sounds is affected by contraction of the : 1. ___ ___ ___, which decreases ___ of eardrum 2. ___ ___ which decreases ___ of stapes Paralysis of one of the above results in ___ which is abnormally sensitive hearing |
tensor tympani muscle; motion; stapedius muscle; motion hyperacusia |
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The internal (inner) ear (aka _____) consists of: ___ ___ (which contains ___) and ___ ___ (which contains ___) |
labyrinth; bony labyrinth; perilymph membranous labyrinth; endolymph |
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The 3 components of the internal (inner) ear include: 1. 2. 3. |
vestibule; semicircular canals; cochlea |
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Internal ear The vestibule is the chamber between __ ___ and ____. It's function is ___ ___. It contains the membranous sacs: ___ and ___. The ___ within these membranous sacs contains mechanoreceptors, which provide information on ___ of head and __ ___/____. |
semicircular canals; cochlea; static balance; utricle; saccule; macula; position of head; linear acceleration/deceleration |
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The mechanoreceptors located on the macula (in utricle and saccule) are __ ___ which have____ that stick into the ___ ___ ___, containing otoliths (layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals). |
hair cells; stereocilia; gelatinous otolithic membrane |
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Each semicircular canal (anterior, ___, ____) is located in a different ____ of ___ functioning in ___ ___. Each contains semicircular ____, and are connected to swellings called ___. Within each of these swellings are gelatinous ___ which cover crista. Crista are made of ____ ____, with ___. The canals are innervated by the ___ branch of the ____ (__) nerve composed of ___ __, ___ ___, and ___ __. |
posterior; lateral; dimension of space; dynamic balance; ducts; ampulla; cupula; hair cells; stereocilia; vestibular; vestibulocochlear (VIII); ampullary nerves; utricular nerve; saccular nerves |
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Internal Ear The cochlea function in ___. It spirals around the ____. here are 3 channels of the cochlea: a. ___ ___ (___ __) b. ___ ___ (___ __) c. ___ ___ (___ ___) |
hearing; modiolus a. cochlear duct (scala media) b. vestibular canal (scala vestibule) c. tympanic canal (scala tympani) |
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Internal Ear The cochlea contains the __ of ___, which transmits information to the __ ___ of medulla via the ___ branch of cranial nerve ____. This transmits information to the ___, then to the ___ lobe. |
organ; Corgi; cochlear nuclei; cochlear; facial; VIII; thalamus; temporal |
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Dynamic equilibrium is the ____ of body position in response to ___ (____) movement |
Maintenance; angular; rotational |
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The sense organs for dynamic equilibrium are the ____ in ____ of 3 ____ ___ |
Cristae; ampullae; semicircular ducts |
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Dynamic equilibrium During movement, ____ within semicircular __ displaces _____causing stereocilia of ____ to ____initiating ____ ___ in 1st order _____ ___ which propagate to the brain |
Endolymph; ducts; cupulas; hair cells; bend; action potentials; sensory neurons |
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Transduction mechanism for conversion of mechanical vibrations into AP: - hair cell's stereocilia membrane has a ____-gated ____ channel (the ___ ____ ___) |
Mechanically; K+; the K+ transduction channel |
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Dynamic equilibrium transduction mechanism - bending of stereocilia in one direction stretches the ___-___ ____, which opens _____-____ ____ transduction channel. This leads to a __ ____ and a depolarization of ___ ___ (receptor potential)
Note: tip-link protein of ____ stereocilium opens _ ____ ___ of next ____stereocilium |
Tip-link protein; mechanically gated K+; K+ influx; hair cell Shorter; K+ transduction channel; longer |
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Dynamic equilibrium transduction mechanism - hair cell depolarization opens ____-gated ____ channels which increases ___ inside. ____ release of neurotransmitter by hair cell leads to ____ in 1st order sensory neuron. This increases ____ ____firing ___of 1st order neuron propagating to the brain via the ___ branch of the ____ cranial nerve. |
Voltage; Ca2+; calcium Exocytotic release; EPSPs Action potential; rate; vestibular; VIII |
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Dybamic equilibrium transduction mechanism - when stereocilia are bent in the opposite direction, the ___ ______ channel ____, producing _____. This decreases ___ ___ firing by the 1st sensory order neuron |
K+ transduction channel closes; hyperpolarization; action potential |
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Static equilibrium is the maintenance of body relative to _____ |
Gravity |
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Static equilibrium is necessary for ___ and ___ |
Posture; balance |
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The sense organs for static equilibrium include the ___ of the ___and ____ |
Maculae; utricle; saccule |
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Static equilibrium Kinocilium are a ___ cilium, present in ____ ____ ___ of mecahnoreceptors for both ___ and ____ ____ |
True; stereocilium hair bundles; static; dynamic balance |
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Static equilibrium Otoliths are embedded into top of ____ ____ |
Otolithic membrane |
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Static equilibrium With motion, the otolithic membrane ___ which bends the ___ ___'s ____ |
Sags; hair cell; stereocilia |
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The transduction mechanism for conversion of ____ ____into ____ ___ for static equilibrium is the same as ___ ___ |
Mechanical vibrations; action potentials; dynamic balance |
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Static equilibrium Cell bodies of first order sensory neurons are located in the ____ ___ |
Vestibular ganglion |
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Static equilibrium Most vestibular branch fibers of VIII terminate in ____ ___ of ____ and _____ |
Vestibular nuclei; pons; medulla |
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Static equilibrium Vestibular branch fibers that dont terminate in vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla go to the ____ via ____ _____ ___ and allows _____ of commands from ____ ____ |
Cerebellum; inferior cerebellar peduncles; correction; motor cortex |
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Static equilibrium From the vestibular nuclei, motor commands are sent to the cranial nerve nuclei ___, ___, ___, ____ as well as the ____ ___. |
Oculomotor III, trochlear IV, abducens VI, accessory XI; vestibulospinal tract |
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Static equilibrium From the vestibular nuclei, sensory info is conveyed to the ___ ____ ___ of thalamus, then ___ ___ of ____ cortex |
Ventral posterior nucleus ; vestibular area; somatosensory |
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There are two characteristics of sound 1.____ of vibration (aka ____, _____) - energy content measured in ____(___) units 2. ___ of vibration (___) - audible range is ___- _____ ___(___aka _____) |
1. Intensity; amplitude, loudness - decibel (dB) 2. Frequency (pitch) - 20-20000 Hertz (Hz, cycles per second, cps) |
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____ ____ ___register a sound's intensity and frequency |
Cochlear hair cells |
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When sound waves strike the ____, vibrations are conveyed to the ____ |
Eardrum; ossicles |
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Loudness is correlated with ____ of eardrum ____. Pitch is correlated with ____ of ____. |
Distance; travel Speed; vibration |
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Ossicles convey ____ to ____ window membrane. Vibrations from this then create ___ ___ in ____of vestibular canal |
Vibrations; oval Pressure waves; perilymph |
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The organ of Corti (aka ___ ___) rests on the ___ ___ which is the lower ___ of the ____ ___. The upper ___ of the ____ __ is the vestibular membrane. On the basilar membrane rest ___ ___ with ____ inserted into ____ ____(gelatinous membrane). |
Spiral organ; basilar membrane; wall; cochlear duct Wall; cochlear duct Hair cells; stereocilia; tectorial membrane |
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The organ of Corti is a coiled sheet of epithelial cells, including: _________. The ____ hair cells are 90-95% sensory. Its function is to ____ sound _____into ______(____). The ___ hair cells are 90% motor. Its function is to regulate ____ of ___ ___ cells. |
Hair cells and supporting cells of the cochlear duct Inner; transduce; vibrations; electrical impulses (hearing) Outer; sensitivity; inner |
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The scala vestibuli aka ____ ___ connects with the ___ canal (aka ___) via _____ |
Vestibular; tympanic; scala tympani; helicotrema |
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Vibrations from the ossicles towards the ____ create ____ toward the ___ ___membrane. - When the ___ ____ membrane moves inward, the ____ ___membrane moves outward to prevent ___ ____. |
Oval window; pressure waves; round window; Oval window; round window ; sound attentuation |
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Pressure waves in perilymph cause fluid ___ and ___ movement of ____ membrane at certain points (depending on sound ___). It increases ____ in ____ in ___ duct, which causes vibrations of the ___ membrane. |
Up and down; vestibular; frequency; pressure; endolymph; cochlear; basilar |
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Vibrations of basilar membrane moves stereocilia of __ ___ to push against the ____ ___. This leads to ___, which generates a ____ ___. Neurotransmitter release leads to ____ in 1st order sensory neurons (cell bodies in ___ ___) which cause ____ ____ carried by the ___ ___ of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the ___ ___. |
Hair cells; tectorial membrane; bending; receptor potential; EPSPs; spiral ganglion; action potential; cochlear branch; brain stem |
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Axons from the cochlear branch of the VIII nerve synapse with the ___ ___ of medulla, ___ ___ __ of pons, ___ ____ of midbrain, ___ ___ ___ of thalamus, arriving at primary auditory area of temporal lobes for ___ and ____ of sound sensations. |
Cochlear nuclei; superior olivary nucleua; inferior colliculus; medial geniculate nucleus Perception and interpretation |
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The higher the sound intensity, the ___ the _____, the greater bumber of action potentials fired per second |
Larger; vibrations |
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High pitch sounds cause the ___ and ____ membranes to resonate near to ___ ___. Low pitch sounds cause the ___ and ____ membranes to resonate near to ____. Intermediate pitch sounds are registered at ____ ___ along the length of the _____ of ____ |
Vestibular and basilar; oval window Vestibular and basilar; helicotrema Intermediate positions; organ of Corti |
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Otoacoustic emissions from the cochlea cause ___ ___stimulation of ___ hair cells, which lead to hair cells ____ ___/____. This stimulates ___ of the basilar membrane, which amplies the signal by ___ ____ __. Detection of these emissions is used to diagnose ____ in ___. |
Motor neuron; outer; rhythmic shortening/lengthening ; ossicilation; inner hair cells Deafness; newborns |
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Cochlear implants translate ___ into ____ interpreted by the brain |
Sounds; electronic signals |
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Meniere's Disease results from an increased ____ in _____ labyrinth. It results in a ____ ___ and symptoms include ___, ___, _____ |
Endolymph; membranous ; endolymphatic sac; tinnitus; vertigo; deafness |
