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68 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

General sense of touch

Temperature


Pressure


Pain

Special senses

Smell


Taste


Sight


Hearing


Equilibrium

Eye/vision

Each eye has over a million nerve fibers

Protection for the eye

Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit



A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

Accessory structures of the eye

Eyelids/eyelashes


Conjunctiva


Lacrimal apparatus


Extrinsic eye muscles


Eyelids/eyelashes

Conjunctiva

Membrane that lines the eyelids


Connects to the surface of the eye


Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

Lacrimal gland

Produced lacrimal fluid

Lacrimal canals

Drain lacrimal fluid from the eyes

Lacrimal sac

Provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity

Nasolacrimal duct

Empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

Function of the lacrimal apparatus

Protects, moistens, lubricates the eye


Empties into the nasal cavity

Properties of lacrimal fluid

Dilute salt solution (tears)


Contains antibodies/lysosomes

Extrinsic eye muscles

Six muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye


Produce eye movements

Structure of the eye

Fibrous layer-> middle layer-> sensory layer-> inside layer

Structure of the eye

Fibrous layer-> middle layer-> sensory layer-> inside layer

Sclera

White connective tissue layer


Seen anteriorly as “the white of the eye”

Structure of the eye

Fibrous layer-> middle layer-> sensory layer-> inside layer

Sclera

White connective tissue layer


Seen anteriorly as “the white of the eye”

Cornea

Allows for light to pass through


Repairs itself easily


Pigment prevent light from scattering

Cilary body

Smooth muscle attached to lens

Cilary body

Smooth muscle attached to lens

Iris

Regulates amount of light entering eye


Pigment layer that gives eye color


Pupil rounded opening in the iris

Retina contains 2 layers

Outer pigmented layer


Inner neural layer


Contains receptor cells


- rods/cones

Rods

Most are found towards the edges of retina


Allow dim light vision/peripheral vision


Perception is in gray tones

Cons

Detailed color vision


Densest in the center of the retina

Cons

Detailed color vision


Densest in the center of the retina

Cone sensitivity

Three different types


Different cones are sensitive to different wavelengths

Lens

Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

Lens

Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

Biconvex crystal

Like structure

Anterior (aqueous) segment

Anterior to the lens


Contains aqueous humor

Anterior (aqueous) segment

Anterior to the lens


Contains aqueous humor

Posterior (vitreous) segment

Posterior to the lens


Contains vitreous humor

Aqueous humor

Watery fluid found between lens/cornea


Similar to blood plasma


Helps maintain intraocular pressure

Vitreous humor

Gel-like substance posterior to the lens


Prevents the eye from collapsing

Aqueous humor

Watery fluid found between lens/cornea


Similar to blood plasma


Helps maintain intraocular pressure

Vitreous humor

Gel-like substance posterior to the lens


Prevents the eye from collapsing

Opthalmoscope

Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball

Pathway of light through the eye

Light must be focused to a point in the retina for optimal vision

Optic chiasma

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain

Optic chiasma

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain

Optic tracts

Contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye

Eye reflexes

Internal muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Emmetropia

Eye focused images correctly on the retina

Myopia (nearsighted)

Distant objects blurry


Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it

Hyperopia (farsighted)

Near objects are blurry while distant objects are focused

Astigmatism

Results from light focusing as lines, not points

Emmetropia

Eye focused images correctly on the retina

Myopia (nearsighted)

Distant objects blurry


Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it

Hyperopia (farsighted)

Near objects are blurry while distant objects are focused

Astigmatism

Results from light focusing as lines, not points

Night blindness

Inhibited rod function that hinders the ability at see at night

Color blindness

Genetic conditions that result in the ability to see certain colors

Cataracts

When lens becomes hard/opaque, our vision becomes hazy/distorted

The ear

Houses two senses


-hearing


-equilibrium (balance)

The ear

Houses two senses


-hearing


-equilibrium (balance)

Anatomy of the Ear

Divided into 3 areas


-external (outer) ear


-middles ear (tympanic cavity)


-inner ear (bony labyrinth)

The ear

Houses two senses


-hearing


-equilibrium (balance)

Anatomy of the Ear

Divided into 3 areas


-external (outer) ear


-middles ear (tympanic cavity)


-inner ear (bony labyrinth)

External ear i

Involved in hearing only

External acoustic meatus

Narrow chamber in the temporal bone


Lined with skin and ceruminous glands

Middle ear

Air filled cavity within the temporal bone

Middle ear

Air filled cavity within the temporal bone

Bones of the middle ear

Malleus (hammer)


Incus (anvil)


Stapes (stirrip)

Inner ear

Includes sense organs for hearing/balance

Maculae

Receptors in the vestibule

Anatomy of the maculae

Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane

Otoliths

Float in a gel around the hair cells