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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many cells are in the human brain? |
10,000,000,000 (10 billion) |
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Neurons |
Cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks |
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Cell Body |
Coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive |
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Nucleus |
Nucleus has metabolism, protein synthesis and energy production |
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Axon |
Transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands |
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Synapse |
Junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another |
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Myelin Sheath |
Provides insulating layer of fatty material |
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Transmission |
Communication of information within and between neurons proceeds in two stages–Conductionand transmission•Together,these stages are referred to as electrochemical action |
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Conduction |
•Communicationof information within and between neurons proceeds in two stages–Conductionand transmission•Together,these stages are referred to as electrochemical action |
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7 Neurotransmitters of the brain |
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, endorphins |
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Hindbrain Function |
Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal chord and controls the basic functions of life. It includes the pons(relay station), medulla (respiration), the reticular formation (sleep, wakefulness and arousal), the cerebellum (motor skills) Pete's Muscles R Cute |
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Midbrain Function |
Important for orientation and movement, it includes structures such as the tectum (oriented organism) and tegmentum (orients organism towards sensory stimuli) |
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Forebrain Function |
Highest level of the brain and controls cognitive, motor emotional and sensory functions cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain) and subcortical structures |
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Lobes Function |
–Occipital:Processes visual information –Parietal:Processes information about touch –Temporal:Responsible for hearing and language –Frontal: Specializedareas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment |
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Contra Lateral Control Left and Right |
band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on eachside of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres |
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Spinal Chord |
-Thespinal cord is divided into four main sections; each controls different partsof the body -The higher the injury on the spine is, the more damage |
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Central Nervous System |
Composed of the brain and the spinal chord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
autonomic (organs and glands) and somatic (skeletal) systems |
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Low Levels of dopamine result in |
Parkinson's disease |
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high levels of dopamine result in |
schizophrenia |
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low levels of seretonin result in |
depression |
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low levels of GABA/norepinephrine result in |
mood disorders and arousal |
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Sensation and Perception differences |
Sensation: Simple stimulation of a sense organ Perception: Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation |
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Transduction |
What takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system (i.e. ice cream sundae) |
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Absolute Threshold |
Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus |
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Weber's Law |
JND (just noticeable difference) of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity |
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Retina |
-Layers in cells including the bipolar cells and the retinal ganglion cells (in addition to the rod and cone layers) -The surface of the retina is composed of photoreceptor cells |
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Rods and Cones |
Rods: Become active under low-light conditions for night vision Cones: Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail |
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Pathways of Sound |
the outer ear --> middle ear transmits vibrations. transduction into neuro impulses |
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Pathways of Eye/From eye to the brain |
-Light passes through the cornea, to the pupil (iris surrounding) to the lens (accommodation), and to the retina (phototransduction) -2 types of photoreceptor cells in the retina contain light-sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses (rods and cones) Cute Puppies Lay Relaxed |
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Conductive/Sensory Hearing loss |
Conductive: Damage to the eardrum or ossicles Sensory: Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve |
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Where does auditory transduction take place? (In Coclea) |
Auditory nerve |
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Touch --> Sensory receptors |
4 touch receptors: pressure, texture, pattern, vibration and thermoreceptors/temperature |
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Pain and referred pain |
Pain: damage or potential damage to the body; tissue damage transduced by pain receptors Referred Pain: Feeling of pain when sensory information from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal chord |
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SMELL |
-Babies smell 10,000 different odors -Odorants travel through nose to olfactory epithelium, where they bind to receptors -ORNs (odor receptor neurons)- receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell |
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TASTE |
-Taste buds on tongues, bumps, organ of taste transduction -Sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami -Flavor is the combination of smell and taste experiences |
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high glutomate |
seizures |
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GABA |
major inhibitary neurotransmitter in the brain works to slow down transmission of neurons |
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dendrite |
receives info from other neurons and relays it to the cell body |
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glial cells |
support cells found in the nervous system |
