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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vegetative state |
a state in which a person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, though they still show no awareness of surroundings; breathing regular and painful stimuli produce autonomic responses |
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brain death |
a condition with no sign of brain activity and response to any stimulus; this is usually on pronounced after 24 hours |
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polysomnograph |
a combination of EEG and eye-movement records during various stages of sleep |
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alpha waves |
a type of wave characteristic of relaxation, not of all wakefulness |
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sleep spindle |
consists of 12 to 14 Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second, resulting from oscillating interactions between cells in the thalamus and the cortex; this is a mark of stage two sleep |
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K- complex |
a sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing; this is a mark of stage two sleep |
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slow-wave sleep |
heart rate, breathing, and brain activity decrease, and slow, large-amplitude waves become more common in the second half of sleep; these are stages three and four, also known as slow-wave sleep |
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paradoxical sleep |
a type of sleep that is deep in some ways and light in others |
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rapid eye movement (REM) |
also the same as paradoxical sleep, in REM, low-voltage fast waves indicate increased neuronal activity, but deeply relaxed postural muscles; this stage is named for the rapid eye movements that occur |
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non-REM |
stages of sleep other than REM, including one through four |
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pontomesencephalon |
a part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal; maintains arousal during wakefulness and increases it in response to new challenging tasks |
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locus coeruleus |
a small structure in the pons, usually inactive, especially during sleep, but it emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal |
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orexin / hypocretin |
another pathway from the hypothalamus, mainly from the lateral and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, releases this peptide neurotransmitter; the axons releasing orexin extend to the basal forebrain and other areas, where they stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness |
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basal forebrain |
just anterior to the hypothalamus, the cells of the basal forebrain provide axons that extend throughout the thalamus and cerebral cortex; some of these axons release acetylcholine, which is exictatory |
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PGO waves |
a distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials associated with REM sleep, first detected in the pons, then the geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and then in the occipital cortex; these waves emerge in stages 2 to 4 |
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insomnia |
inadequate sleep |
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sleep apnea |
a sleep disorder in which the ability to breathe when sleep is impaired |
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narcolepsy |
a condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day |
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periodic limb movement disorder |
a sleep disorder characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms |
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REM behavior disorder |
a disorder in which the afflicted moves around vigorously during their REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams |
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night terrors |
experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror; they occur in NREM sleep and are more common in children than adults |
