Chapter 8 (Study Guide)

Front 1

Chromosomes

Back 1

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic celland most visible during mitosis & meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying of a prokaryotic cell. All chromosomes consist of one very long piece of chromatin, a combination of DNA and protein.

Front 2

Chromatin

Back 2

Its DNA in a loose state, fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules. Chromatin is too thin to be seen in a light microscope.

Front 3

Sister Chromatids

Back 3

the replicated copies of a chromosome which contain identical copies of theDNA molecule and are joined by a centromer and that separate during nuclear division

Front 4

Binary Diffusion

Back 4

an asexual cell division of prokaryots that produces identical offspring

Front 5

Centromere

Back 5

a region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are held together and which is the site of attachment of the chromosome to the spindle fibers during mitosis

Front 6

Cell Cycle

Back 6

the events of cell division (including interphase & mitotic phase) from when eukaryotic cell is first form until is divided into two

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Interphase

Back 7

aperiod of cell growth and development that precedes eukaryotic cell nuclear division

Front 8

G1

Back 8

the first period of interphase in which the cell doubles its side

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S

Back 9

Synthesis of DNA. DNA duplicates

Front 10

G2

Back 10

the final period of interphase in which the cell indergoes rapid growth and prepares for mitoss

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Prophase

Back 11

the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromatin condenses to form structures(sister Chromatids) & the mitotic spindle begins to form but the nucleus is still intact

Front 12

MetaPhase

Back 12

the second phase of mitosis, during which all the chromosomes move to the cells equator

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Anaphase

Back 13

4th stage of mitosis beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other & ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

Front 14

Telophase

Back 14

the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes .

Front 15

Mitosis

Back 15

eukaryotic nuclear division into two identical nuclei. Provides for growth, tissue repair & asexual reproduction. Produces 2 cells genetically identical to the parent cell.

Front 16

Cytokinesis

Back 16

the division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells.

Front 17

Centriole

Back 17

a structure that appears during mitosis in animal cells.

Front 18

Spindle Microtubules
(also called "spindle fibers")

Back 18

Microtubules play a huge role in movement within a cell. They form the spindle fibers that manipulate and separate chromosomes during mitosis. Examples of microtubule fibers that assist in cell division include polar fibers and kinetochore fibers.

Front 19

Spindle Apparatus
(Spindle)

Back 19

The spindle apparatus, is a network of microtubules (also called "spindle fibers") that forms within a dividing eukaryotic cell, both during mitosis and meiosis . Some of these microtubules attach to the cell walls, others attach to individual chromosomes at their kinetochores.

Front 20

Cleavage Furrow

Back 20

the area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell.

Front 21

Cell Plate

Back 21

a membrane that divides newly forming plant cells following mitosis.

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Meiosis vs mitosis

Back 22

Both of them precede by the duplication of chromosomes only once. Mitosis provides for growth, tissue repair and asexual reproduction. Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell. Mitosis involves one division of the nucleus producing two identical diploid cells, meiosis requires two nuclear and cytoplasm division resulting in 4 haploid cells.

Front 23

Homologous Chromosome

Back 23

The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. One H c'some is inherited from the mother and one from the father.

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Locus
(Plural loci)

Back 24

The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous c'somes have corresponding gene loci.

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Gene

Back 25

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical information database that carries the complete set of instructions for the cell as to the nature of the proteins produced by it, its life span, maturity, function and death. Genes are the working subunits of DNA. Each gene contains a particular set of instructions, usually coding for a particular protein or for a particular function.

Front 26

Diploid

Back 26

In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of c' somes, one from mother and one from father; a 2n cell.

Front 27

Haploid

Back 27

Having a single set of each chromosome in a cell or cell nucleus. In most animals, only the gametes (reproductive cells) are haploid.

In a life cycle of an organism that produces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an "n" cell.