* Patho * Chapter 8 - Digestive System Study Guides / Quiz

Front 1

function of the alimentary canal

Back 1

processes and transports the products of digestion

Front 2

function of the accessory organs of digestion

Back 2

manufacture & secrete endocrine & exocrine enzymes

(secretions that are essential to the breakdown, digestion, and absorption of nutrients.)

Front 3

accessory organs of digestion

Back 3

located outside the GI tract

Front 4

Secretion of saliva into the mouth;Initiation of carbohydrate digestion...Happens in the ?????

Back 4

Salivary glands

Front 5

Manufactures bile...

Happens in the ?????

Back 5

Liver

Front 6

Release of bile into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion....Happens in the ?????

Back 6

Gallbladder

Front 7

Release of pancreatic juice into the duodenum, to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Back 7

Pancreas

Front 8

Chewing of food; Initial digestion of carbohydrates ....Happens in the ?????

Back 8

Mouth

Front 9

Transport of food into stomach; secretion of mucus....Happens in the ?????

Back 9

Esophagus

Front 10

Churning of food, secretion of gastric juices; action of enzyme pepsin; Initiation of protein digestion....Happens in the ?????

Back 10

Stomach

Front 11

Final digestion of nutrients into end products; Absorption of nutrients.....Happens in the ?????

Back 11

Small intestine

Front 12

Elimination of Waste ....Happens in the ?????

Back 12

Large intestine

Front 13

function of teeth

Back 13

break down food into pieces that can be swallowed & digested easily; Mastication (chewing)

Front 14

Hindrance of the chewing function caused by

Back 14

*decay

*infection of the teeth or gums

*malocclusion (improper positioning and faulty contact of the teeth)

*missing teeth

(can interfere with this phase of the digestive process.)

Front 15

What is a decrease in saliva production called?

Back 15

Xerostomia

Front 16

Xerostomia

Back 16

This may be caused by medications : prescriptions or OTC, or less often by an autoimmune condition called Sjogren's disease:

Front 17

mastication

Back 17

chewing

Front 18

Missing teeth can:

Back 18

*Alter the bite - that is, how the teeth come together (occlusion).

*Malocclusion - eventually leads to jaw pain, called temporomandibular joint disease *Bolting - Inadequate chewing of food. *Digestive disturbances - Like gastritis and constipation; and the loss of nutrient value of food may result.

*Cosmetic Concerns - the patient may express this with their tooth loss.

Front 19

how the teeth come together

Back 19

occlusion

Front 20

Malocclusion - eventually leads to jaw pain, called

Back 20

temporomandibular joint disease

Front 21

Inadequate chewing of food

Back 21

Bolting

Front 22

4 main causes of missing permanent teeth

Back 22

*(Most Common) dental decay (adults w/ periodontal disease)

*age/dental injury

*Congenitally missing

* rare inherited or systemic diseases.

Front 23

Third molars are also known as __________ ___________.

Back 23

wisdom teeth

Front 24

When do third molars develop and when do they erupt?

Back 24

begin to develop between the ages of 8 and 10 years and usually erupt between the ages of 17 & 21

Front 25

How does dental decay first appear?

Back 25

Appears as white spots on the tooth surface.

Front 26

How does dental caries occur?

Back 26

Occurs when the many cavity-causing bacteria in the mouth break down the sugars found in foods, converting them into acid plaque.

Front 27

eroding of calcium in the tooth's enamel is called:

Back 27

demineralization

Front 28

can contribute to the breakdown of tooth enamel and erosion of the teeth and gums

Back 28

purging due to bulimia

Front 29

When decay advances into the pulp of a tooth, what procedure might have to be performed?

Back 29

root canal

Front 30

causes of discolored teeth

Back 30

1) age [slight yellow teeth]

2) dead tooth [gray teeth]

3) smoking [brown teeth] 4) Medication (tetracyclines) taken in large quantities as a child. [defective/discolored enamel]

5) Beverages like red wine, coffee, tea, and food like blueberries. [teeth colored to whatever item is ingested]

6) antibacterial mouthwash (chlorhexidine)

7) Severe attacks of pertussis (whooping cough) and measles [discolored patches on teeth]

8) Excessive amounts of fluoride [white/brown teeth]

Front 31

pertussis

Back 31

whooping cough

Front 32

What is gingivitis?

Back 32

inflammation and swelling of the gums.

Front 33

periodontitis (periodontal disease)

Back 33

If gingivitis is not treated, it may lead to what?

Front 34

The signs and symptoms of periodonitis

Back 34

*The pockets that form between the teeth and the gums on gingivitis gradually deepen, exposing the root.

*Plaque develops there, causing unpleasant tastes in mouth and offensive breath (halitosis).

*

As it progresses, teeth more sensitive to temperature & painful to chew.

*Abscesses can form, teeth become loose and may fall out.

Front 35

__________ is destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the teeth.

Back 35

periodontitis (periodontal disease)

Front 36

halitosis

Back 36

offensive (bad) breath

Front 37

It is the end result of gingivitis that was treated too late or not at all

Back 37

Periodontitis

Front 38

(periodontal disease) is AKA:

Back 38

( Periodontitis )

Front 39

How do dentists determine the stage of periodontal disease?

Back 39

measures the depth of the pockets and obtains radiographic films

( They reveal the condition of the underlying bone, and this knowledge aids the dentist in deciding how to treat the disease.)

Front 40

Tumors grow slowly over several years, do not metastasize & are not life threatening.

Back 40

Benign Tumors

Front 41

These Tumors are generally not painful until they reach advanced stages.

Back 41

Malignant tumors

Front 42

Malocclusion is called:

Back 42

faulty bite

Front 43

causes of malocclusions

Back 43

*Family hx. (inherited)

*early loss of primary teeth

*thumb or finger sucking - cause orthopedic (skeletal changes) & crowding.

*Deviated septae

*enlarged tonsils

*allergies.

Front 44

signs and symptoms of TMJ

Back 44

*Decreased jaw movement

*clicking sounds during chewing

*severe pain, or aching around the ears and jaw joints-made worse by chewing.

*Can be unilateral but usually bilateral, one side more painful.

*H/As

*dizziness

*pressure

*tinnitus

*sinus pain

*draining sensation in one or both ears

Front 45

The grinding of teeth emanating from the central pattern generator in the brain.

Back 45

bruxism

Front 46

tooth abscess

Back 46

Pus-filled sac that develops in the tissue surrounding the base of the root.

Front 47

definitive treatment for an abscessed tooth

Back 47

Antibiotic therapy is prescribed to relieve pain and acute swelling, Root canal, Restorative procedures, may need an apicectomy or extraction of the tooth.

Front 48

incision into the gum and removes the bone that covers the tip of the root and the infected tissue

Back 48

apicectomy

Front 49

2 types of mouth ulcers and what is their cause

Back 49

1) aphthous ulcers ..occur during stress or illness

2) traumatic ulcers.. hot food, rough denture, toothbrush.

Front 50

hot food, rough denture, toothbrush..causes what kind of ulcer?

Back 50

traumatic ulcers

Front 51

This type of ulcer, occurs during stress or illness

Back 51

aphthous ulcers

Front 52

herpes simplex

Back 52

contagious, recurrent viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes.

Front 53

Herpes simplex virus type 1

Back 53

also known as cold sores or fever blisters.

Front 54

What is another name for herpes simplex?

Back 54

cold sores

Front 55

The tingling and numbness around the mouth that precedes herpes simplex is called ____________.

Back 55

prodrome

Front 56

Candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.

Back 56

thrush

Front 57

fungus that causes thrush

Back 57

Candida albicans

Front 58

2 medications to treat thrush

Back 58

* Nystatin - (Swished/Swallowed);(antifungal suspension)

* Fluconazole (Diflucan) - (Oral Tablet);(antifungal)

Front 59

AKA 'trench mouth' [Formerly called acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis] is a common infection affecting the gums and the anchoring structure of the teeth AND is a rare, painful ulceration and disease of the gums, particularly between the teeth, sometimes called Vincent's Angina.

Back 59

What is necrotizing periodontal disease?

Front 60

necrotizing periodontal disease

Back 60

AKA 'trench mouth' [Formerly called acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis]

Front 61

Associated with Vincent's Angina

Back 61

necrotizing periodontal disease

Front 62

What are the symptoms of necrotizing periodontal disease?

Back 62

painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed, ulcers may appear grayish, metallic taste, & bad breath w/ fever & enlarged lymph nodes.

( Is a rare, painful ulceration and disease of the gums, particularly between the teeth, sometimes called Vincent' Angina. )

Front 63

____________ is hyperkeratosis or epidermal thickening of the buccal mucosa, palate, or lower lip.

Back 63

Leukoplakia

Front 64

What is the treatment for leukoplakia?

Back 64

Finding and eliminating the source of the irritation.

(A rough tooth or denture may be smoothed, and giving up smoking.)

Front 65

More than 90% of oral cancers are __________ cell carcinomas and the other 10% are _________.

Back 65

Squamous, Adenocarcinomas

Front 66

What is the most common location of oral cancer?

Back 66

The Lip

Front 67

Where is oral cancer usually diagnosed?

Back 67

Dentist's Office

Front 68

Treatment for oral cancer depends on the ___________.

Back 68

stage

Front 69

_________ is a coordinated, wavelike muscular motion that forces food along the alimentary canal.

Back 69

Peristalsis

Front 70

GERD

Back 70

Refers to clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach & duodenal contents into the esophagus, frequently occurring at night.

(Mild episodes may be described as heartburn by the patient.)

Front 71

treatments for GERD

Back 71

1) Elevating the head of the bed about 6".

2) Light evening meal 4 hours before bedtime (nothing 3hrs. before bedtime)

3) Using antacids

4) Weight loss (if obese)

5) No Smoking or Alcohol

6) When the above fail: Systemic Medical Management is initiated -with H2-receptor antagonist (ranitidine or famotidine) or a proton pump inhibitor (Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Rabeprazole, Esomeprazole)

7) May need antireflux surgery

Front 72

esophageal varices

Back 72

Are dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients with underlying portal hypertension and may result in serious upper GI bleeding.

(Dilated/Twisted/Enlarged Superficial Veins).

Front 73

Varices may produce no symptoms until:

Back 73

Rupture, causing massive hemorrhage.

Front 74

Esophagel varices is a common complication of what disease?

Back 74

cirrhosis of the liver

Front 75

In order to control and prevent reoccurrence of bleeding from esophageal varices, what 2 procedures might be done.

What procedure might be done if these procedures don't work?

Back 75

1) Replace the blood volume and maintaining the fluid and electrolyte balance to restore homeostasis.

2) To control and prevent reoccurrence of bleeding include endoscopic sclerotherapy and ligation of bleeding varices.

IF THOSE DON'T WORK:

1) Emergency portal decompression may be considered

Front 76

main symptom of esophagitis

Back 76

burning in the chest (heartburn)-may be like a heart attack.

Front 77

most common cause of esophagitis

Back 77

Reflux of the acid contents of the stomach resulting from a defect of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Front 78

hiccup

Back 78

Involuntary Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm, In which the beginning of inspiration is suddenly checked by the closure of the glottis.

Front 79

indigestion

Back 79

vague abdominal discomfort after meals

Front 80

heartburn

Back 80

sensation of retrosternal warmth or burning occurring in waves & tending to rise upward toward the neck.

Front 81

nausea

Back 81

an unpleasant sensation in the epigastrium

Front 82

vomiting

Back 82

the forcible expulsion of contents from the stomach, out the mouth

Front 83

colic

Back 83

acute visceral pain caused by spasm, torsion, or obstruction of a hollow organ

Front 84

flatulence

Back 84

presence of excessive amounts of gas or air in the stomach or intestines

Front 85

diarrhea

Back 85

abnormal frequent passing of loose stool

Front 86

constipation

Back 86

condition of infrequent bowel evacuation

Front 87

fecal incontinence

Back 87

an inability to control defecation

Front 88

The esophagus is lined for the most of its length with squamous epithelium, which can give rise to _________ ________ ____________.

Back 88

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 89

The columnar epithelium near the esophagogastric junction may develop _______________.

Back 89

adenocarcinoma

Front 90

What are some risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?

Back 90

cigarette smoking, alcohol, betel nut chewing, drinking of very hot beverages (>65'F), eating N-nitroso compounds(pickled veggies), hx. of head & neck cancer, Underlying esophageal diseases such as achalasia, caustic strictures.

Front 91

The major risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is ________ _________.

Back 91

Barrett's esophagus & chronic GERD

Front 92

Accurate ________ is critical in selecting a treatment method for esophageal cancer.

Back 92

staging

Front 93

What is Barrett's esophagus?

Back 93

It is a protective metaplastic change and is one of the most severe consequences of chronic GERD that is the replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epithelium.

Front 94

When the protective mucous membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal tract breaks down, the lining is prone to ______________.

Back 94

ulceration

Front 95

The most common peptic ulcer is the _____________ ulcer.

Back 95

duodenal

Front 96

A crucial causal factor of peptic ulcers is _________ __________ infection.

Back 96

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

Front 97

What is the second most common form of gastric ulcers caused from?

Back 97

Use of NSAID's

Front 98

_______ is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

Back 98

Gastritis

Front 99

The main cause of gastritis is inflammation associated with ________ _________.

Back 99

H. pylori

Front 100

What vitamin deficiency can result in gastritis?

Back 100

A Vitamin B12 deficiency called pernicious anemia

Front 101

The patient with early carcinoma of the stomach is frequently asymptomatic.

Back 101

True

Front 102

What country has the highest incidence of gastric cancer?

Back 102

Japan

Front 103

What is the most common physical finding in gastric cancer?

Back 103

palpable abdominal mass

Front 104

What is the appendix?

Back 104

a narrow pouch about 31/2 inches long that extends from the first part of the large intestine (cecum).

Front 105

The known function of the appendix is to aid in digestion.

Back 105

False

Front 106

A significant diagnostic indicator for appendicitis is maximal tenderness of the abdomen at ___________ __________.

Back 106

McBurney's point

Front 107

hat happens if appendicitis is left untreated?

Back 107

necrosis and rupture which can result in peritonitis

Front 108

What is a hiatal hernia?

Back 108

Is a defect in the diaphragm that permits a segment of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity.

Front 109

An __________ _________ is the condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall.

Back 109

Abdominal Hernia

Front 110

What is a common site for a hernia?

Back 110

Inguinal Canal

Front 111

What does it mean if a hernia is trapped or strangulated?

Back 111

That the blood flow to the herniated organ or bowel has been stopped, and gangrene, a serious condition, can set in.

Front 112

An inguinal hernia can be detected in a male by performing what maneuver?

Back 112

Valsalva's Maneuver

Front 113

What are some treatments for hernias?

Back 113

The patient may wear a device called a Truss; Herniorrhaphy is Tx. of choice.

Front 114

__________ __________ or regional enteritis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the alimentary canal in which all layers of the bowel wall are edematous and inflamed.

Back 114

Crohn's Disease

Front 115

In Crohn's disease, any portion of the GI tract from the _________ to the ________ can be affected.

Back 115

mouth, anus

Front 116

What are the goals for treatment of Crohn's disease?

Back 116

To treat the acute disease flare-ups and to maintain remission.

Front 117

What is ulcerative colitis?

Back 117

Is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting the mucosa & submucosa of the rectum & colon. (Inflammation of the rectum/colon with ulcer)

Front 118

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach is called ___________.

Back 118

Gastritis

Front 119

is a general term for acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines.

Back 119

Gastoenteritis

Front 120

Ingestion of disease-causing bacteria or parasites from contaminated food or water, but intestinal influenza is usually the result of a virus..

Back 120

What is the etiology of "traveler's diarrhea?

Front 121

Intestinal obstruction is _____________ or __________ blockage of the intestines.

Back 121

mechanical, functional

Front 122

volvulus

Back 122

A twisting of the bowel on itself.

Front 123

intussusception

Back 123

In which the bowel telescopes into itself.

Front 124

_________ is a condition in which outpouches of he mucosa penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of the large intestine.

Back 124

Diverticulosis

Front 125

Explain the etiology of diverticulosis.

Back 125

Causes unclear.. a diet that contains inadequate roughage and excessive amounts of highly refined foods contribute to this condition.

Front 126

Lack of roughage produces small-caliber, drier stools, which fail to distend the bowel lumen. The small volume stool causes higher intraluminal pressure during peristalsis and defecation, which in turn contributes to the small herniations or pouches through the mucosa of the muscular wall of the intestine.

Back 126

etiology of diverticulosis

Front 127

What causes diverticulitis?

Back 127

Is an infection of one or more diverticula.(When fecal matter becomes trapped in one or more diverticula, inflammation & infection ensue.)

Front 128

Colorectal cancer is the _________most common site of cancer incidence in both men and women and the _________ most common cause of cancer death for each sex.

Back 128

third, third

Front 129

More than _____% of colon cancer cases occur after the age of 50.

Back 129

90%

Front 130

What is the precursor lesion of colorectal cancer?

Back 130

Adenomatous polyps of the colon

Front 131

Name the screening tests for colorectal cancer.

Back 131

FOBT w/ a double-contrast barium enema, or a colonoscopy.

Front 132

What staging system is used for colorectal cancer?

Back 132

TNM (Tumor, Node, Matastasis) Classification System proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer.

Front 133

What are the most common sites for distant metastasis of colorectal cancer?

Back 133

liver and lungs

Front 134

________________ _____________ is acute inflammation with a plaquelike adhesion or necrotic debris and mucus adhered to the damaged superficial mucosa of the small and large intestines.

Back 134

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis

Front 135

______________ ___________ often is related to the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and to the bacterial infection ____________ ______________.

Back 135

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis, Clostridium Difficile

Front 136

What is short-bowel syndrome?

Back 136

The small bowel fails to absorb nutrients because of inadequate absorptive surface;it is the result of an insufficient amount of functioning small bowel to absorb the nutrients, fluid, vitamins, and minerals that the body needs.

Front 137

What is irritable bowel syndrome?

Back 137

A functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and erraticdysfunction of bowel habits.

Front 138

True 0r False

The exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome is unknown, but there is a cure for it.

Back 138

False

Front 139

signs and symptoms of peritonitis

Back 139

With infection/irritation, the peritoneum becomes hyperemic (excessive blood) & edematous as fluid fills in the peritoneal space. Inflammatory process of peritonitis can cause abscesses & adhesions in theabdominal cavity.Abdominal pain, n/v, weakness, & profuse sweating. Abdominal pain may be so severe the pt. may prefer not to move. A clinician finds fever, a tender & distended abdomen, & possibly a paralytic ileus. Exam ofabdomen reveals tenderness to direct touch and rebound (or percussion)-indicating peritoneal inflammation.In a fulminating case of peritonitis, the bacteria or bacterial endotoxins enter the circulation, leading tosepticemia, shock, and death.

Front 140

___________ are varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area.

Back 140

Hemorrhoids

Front 141

Internal hemorrhoids

Back 141

When they are within the rectum above the junction of skin and rectal mucosa, theseswollen and twisted varicosities.

Front 142

External hemorrhoids

Back 142

Varicosities lower in the anal area covered by the skin.

Front 143

cirrhosis of the liver

Back 143

Is a chronic degenerative disease that is irreversible.

Front 144

It brings slow deterioration of the liver, resulting in the replacement of normal liver cells w/hard, fibrous scar tissue, known as hobnail liver.

Back 144

cirrhosis of the liver

Front 145

True 0r False

Cirrhosis of the liver is twice as common in men as in women.

Back 145

True

Front 146

In cirrhosis of the liver, what is the appearance of the skin?

Back 146

It is jaundiced & dry w/ pruritus. Small, red spidery marks (spider nevi) may appear on the face & body.

Front 147

What is the most common cause of cirrhosis of the liver?

Back 147

Chronic Alcoholism

Front 148

Hepatitis A moves through the __________ route, while hepatitis B and C are ______________.

Back 148

fecal-oral, blood-borne

Front 149

True 0r False

Hepatitis A is the only viral hepatitis causing spiking fevers.

Back 149

True

Front 150

What is the etiology of hepatitis B?

Back 150

Is transmitted primarily through percutaneous & perimucosal routes. Mode of transmission: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, & saliva. Many infections result from sexual contact or blood exchange from sharing contaminated needles. HC providers are at higher risk of infection (accidental contaminated puncture/scratch).

Front 151

Which viral hepatitis are health care workers most susceptible to?

Back 151

HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)

Front 152

Which viral hepatitis is the most common blood-borne infection in the U. S.

Back 152

HCV (Hepatitis C Virus)

Front 153

Hepatitis B is the most important etiologic factor in ____________ __________ worldwide.

Back 153

hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 154

False

Back 154

True 0r False

Primary liver cancer is more common that secondary liver cancer.

Front 155

What is the treatment of choice for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Back 155

Surgical resection (partial hepatectomy) of the liver.

Front 156

Hepatocellular carcinoma usually arises in what setting?

Back 156

chronic liver disease

(Patient's living in high-incidence regions and those with higher AFP levels often have a worse prognosis.)

Front 157

Gingivitis that is not treated may lead to:

Back 157

periodonitis

Front 158

Pain and limitation of the movement of the jaw with tinnitus as a result of inflammation of the temporomandibular joints is characteristic of:

Back 158

TMJ syndrome

Front 159

Oral thrush, a fungal infection that produces sore patches in the mouth and throat, may be the result of:

Back 159

prolonged antibiotic therapy

Front 160

The treatment of oral leukoplakia is:

Back 160

finding or correcting the source of irritation.

Front 161

The treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) includes

Back 161

a light evening meal four hours before bedtime and elevation of the bed about 6 inches the use of H2-receptor antagonist or proton pump inhibitor.

Front 162

True OR False

Barrett's esophagus is a severe consequence of GERD.

Back 162

TRUE

Front 163

The diagnostic evaluation for peptic ulcers might include:

Back 163

*endoscopy and biopsy of the lesion.

*patient history.

*upper GI barium series and the study of gastric contents and stool for evidence of bleeding.

Front 164

Agents that may damage the gastric lining and cause gastritis include:

Back 164

*medications, poisons, alcohol, and infectious diseases.

*mechanical injury.

*allergic reaction or irritation from foods.

Front 165

The causal factor(s) of peptic ulcers is(are):

Back 165

*Helicobacter pylori infection.

*NSAIDs.

*stress.

Front 166

The most common peptic ulcer is the:

Back 166

duodenal ulcer.

Front 167

False

Back 167

True OR False

Pain is usually the initial symptom of gastric cancer.

Front 168

The primary treatment of gastric cancer may include:

Back 168

gastric resection usually followed by chemotherapy.

Front 169

Abdominal discomfort with maximum tenderness of the abdomen at McBurney's point, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, or constipation are clinical signs of:

Back 169

appendicitis

Front 170

Hiatal hernia can be caused by:

Back 170

a weakness that develops in the diaphragm

Front 171

A fairly common chronic inflammatory disease of the alimentary canal involving all layers of the bowel, which causes chronic diarrhea, is:

Back 171

Crohn's disease

Front 172

The causes of pancreatitis include:

Back 172

*alcoholism, trauma, and infection.

*biliary tract disease, structural anomalies, and drugs.

Front 173

Crohn's disease is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the alimentary canal:

Back 173

in which all layers of he bowel are edematous and inflamed.

Front 174

"Traveler's diarrhea," a common syndrome of gastroenteritis, is usually caused by:

Back 174

ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacteria.

Front 175

Intestinal obstruction can be:

Back 175

*mechanical.

*functional.

*partial or complete.

Front 176

Mechanical obstruction of the bowel can result from:

Back 176

neoplasm, fecal impaction, volvulus, or intussusception.

Front 177

A condition in which out-pouches of the mucosa penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of the large intestine is called:

Back 177

diverticulosis

Front 178

The earliest signs of colorectal cancer are:

Back 178

often vague and nonspecific.

Front 179

The third most common site of cancer incidence in both men and women and the third most common cause of cancer death for each is due to:

Back 179

colorectal cancer.

Front 180

CA 19-9 levels above 37 units/ml suggest the presence of:

Back 180

pancreas cancer.

Front 181

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is related to:

Back 181

use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

Front 182

A key feature of irritable bowel syndrome is

Back 182

a change of bowel habits with predominant diarrhea or constipation.

Front 183

Inflammation, infection, or irritation of the large serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and folds over the visceral organs is called:

Back 183

peritonitis.

Front 184

Is true about cirrhosis of the liver...

Back 184

It is twice as common in men then women.

Front 185

Cancer of the liver is:

Back 185

usually a secondary cancer.

Front 186

Is NOT true of Hepatitis A..

Back 186

blood-borne

Front 187

True or False

Health care workers exposed to body fluids are a risk for hepatitis B.

Back 187

True

Front 188

Is true about hepatiits C..

Back 188

It is considered a widespread epidemic.

Front 189

False

Back 189

True or False

The most common bloodborne infection in the United States is hepatitis A.

Front 190

The liver is responsible for:

Back 190

manufacture of bile

Front 191

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

Back 191

gallbladder

Front 192

____________ is a common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in the bile.

Back 192

Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

Front 193

Describe the pain of cholelithiasis.

Back 193

May be asymptomatic until the bile ducts become obstructed by the stones. Colicky Pain, or biliary colic (sudden severe waves of pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen that may radiate to the back; "gripping or stabbing pain")., signals the obstruction of the cystic duct or the common bile duct by one or more stones. The pain is in the epigastric region or the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, often radiating to the right upper back in the area of the scapula.

Front 194

What are gallstones made of?

Back 194

Insoluble cholesterol and bile salts

Front 195

What test is highly accurate in diagnosing cholelithiasis?

Back 195

The clinical picture and ultrasonography

Front 196

What procedure for cholelithiasis has a shortened hospital stay and recovery time?

Back 196

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Front 197

What is cholecystitis?

Back 197

Is an acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with obstruction of the cystic duct.

Front 198

What is the etiology of most cholecystitis?

Back 198

An obstruction of the biliary duct caused by gallstones; trauma or other insult to the gallbladder, including infection, occasionally is the cause.

Front 199

signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis

Back 199

The pancreas becomes inflamed, edematous, hemorrhagic, and necrotic. Patient has a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, which radiates to the back, along with nausea & vomiting. Epigastric abdominal pain is often made worse by walking & lying supine & better by sitting & leaning forward. The patient is acutely ill, diaphoretic, and tachycardic & experiences shallow, rapid respirations. Blood pressure falls, & the temperature rises. Tender abdomen, decreased bowel sounds, mild jaundice, many local and systemic complications like pancreatic abscess, necrotizing pancreatitis, and pneumonia.

Front 200

What is often the cause of pancreatitis in a nonalcoholic individual?

Back 200

Gallstones

Front 201

What serum blood levels are elevated in pancreatitis?

Back 201

Serum amylase and lipase

Front 202

True or False

In emergency treatment of acute pancreatitis, the patient is put on a liquid diet.

Back 202

False

Front 203

Where does cancer of the pancreas usually originate?

Back 203

In the head of the pancreas

Front 204

Cancer of he pancreas is the __________ leading cause of cancer related death in the U.S.

Back 204

fourth

Front 205

Why is cancer of the pancreas so difficult to detect?

Back 205

Because of the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas. It is inaccessible to palpation and insensitive to many diagnostic techniques.

Front 206

What lab test is a serum tumor marker for pancreatic cancer?

Back 206

CA 19-9 (Levels above 37 units/ml suggest cancer)

Front 207

2 syndromes of protein-energy malnutrition and describe each

Back 207

*Kwashiorkor, caused by a deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy, is typically seen in weaning infants at the birth of a sibling in areas where food containing protein is insufficiently abundant.

*Marasmus (extreme malnutrition and emaciation), caused by combined protein and energy deficiency , is most commonly seen where adequate quantities of food are not available.

Front 208

Kwashiorkor syndrome of protein-energy malnutrition

Back 208

caused by a deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy, is typically seen in weaning infants at the birth of a sibling in areas where food containing protein is insufficiently abundant.

Front 209

Marasmus (extreme malnutrition and emaciation), syndrome of protein-energy malnutrition

Back 209

caused by combined protein and energy deficiency , is most commonly seen where adequate quantities of food are not available.

Front 210

How is malnutrition treated?

Back 210

Based on the underlying cause. Nutritional supplements and replacement begin with appropriate oral and intravenous necessitate feedings through a nasogastric tube. Tx may entail a combination of dietary modifications, including appropriate supplements of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Diarrhea and infections are controlled with medications. Surgery may be indicated when lesions of the GI tract cause the malnutrition. Patient's with eating disorders require special counseling with medical tx. The poor & elderly may require community services that make good nutrition available on a daily basis

Front 211

Vitamin A

Back 211

Irritability, Loss of Hair, Anorexic enlargement of the liver, and spleen, jaundice, skin changes, psychiatric disorders

Front 212

Vitamin C

Back 212

Nausea, Diarrhea, Acidification of Urine

Front 213

Vitamin D

Back 213

Calcification of soft tissue, poor appetite, weakness, kidney damage, excessive thirst, Urination and mental changes

Front 214

Vitamin E

Back 214

May interfere with the blood-clotting action of Vitamin K

Front 215

Vitamin K

Back 215

Toxicity is uncommon; Rapid infusion causes dyspnea, flushing, cardiovascular complications

Front 216

What is the formula for calculating the body mass index?

Back 216

The formula is weight-adjusted for height. For instance, the calculation is weight in pounds, divided by (height in inches)2, times 703. A number greater than 25.0 defines overweight, and a BMI of 30.0 or higher is obesity.

Front 217

What is malabsorption syndrome?

Back 217

Refers to a group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired.

Front 218

Defective mucosal cells in the small intestine; diseased pancreas/blocked pancreatic duct; Reduced secretion of bile from hepatic disease or bile duct obstruction; Metabolic or endocrine disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism and diabetes mellitus; Severe parasitic and worm infestations.

Back 218

What is the etiology of malabsorption syndrome?

Front 219

celiac disease

Back 219

Is a disease of the small intestine that is characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine.

Front 220

another name for celiac disease

Back 220

Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy)

Front 221

dermatitis herpetiformis

Back 221

a characteristic skin rash consisting of pruritic papulovesicles over the extensor surfaces of the extremities and over the trunk, scalp, and neck

Front 222

etiology of celiac disease

Back 222

Either a toxic or immunologic reaction to a component of gluten. Is also linked to genetic factors because the occurrence is higher in siblings. Females are affected twice as often as males.

Front 223

three criteria that must be met to diagnose celiac disease

Back 223

1) positive serologic testing

2) a biopsy of the small intestine showing changes or destruction in the mucosal lining.

3) Improvement while on a gluten-free diet

Front 224

treatment for celiac disease

Back 224

Patient must strictly adhere to a lifelong gluten-free diet; eliminating gluten allows the bowel to heal and reverses malabsorption. If the patient doesn't improve while on a diet, it is usually due to noncompliance with a strict gluten-free diet. For a resistance form of celiac disease known as refractory sprue, corticosteriod drugs may be used. Consult with a dietician. Examination on a regular basis since these patients' are more prone to cancer and abdominal lymphoma later in life.

Front 225

Describe food poisoning?

Back 225

Is an illness resulting from eating food that contains bacterial toxins and viral, chemical, or toxic substances

Front 226

How long do the symptoms of food poisoning last?

Back 226

They usually disappear within 24-48 hours. In extreme cases, the patient becomes disabled, and the situation becomes life threatening.

Front 227

anorexia nervosa

Back 227

An eating disorder, is linked to a psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation, resulting from a distorted body image and a compulsion to be thin.

Front 228

the typical anorectic patient

Back 228

An adolescent female patient who is meticulous, is a high achiever, and refuses food intake; she is preoccupied with obesity and obsessed with her weight. Although she continues weight loss, she doesn't believe anything is wrong. Pt. may have thinning hair and poor wound healing, amenorrhea, cold intolerance, constipation, bloating, or abdominal distress, hyperactive, exercises a great deal, hypotensive, bradycardic, hypothermic, feelings of sadness, insomnia, withdrawal from friends & family..Bulimia sometimes occurs simultaneously.

Front 229

bulimia

Back 229

Is a behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, usually is secret.

Front 230

etiology of motion sickness

Back 230

Results from a disturbance in the sense of balance. The fluid in the semicircular canals of the ears becomes dislocated because of the motion. In addition, excessive stimulation of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear is caused by the repetitive acceleration and deceleration and by angular and linear motion.

Front 231

Name medications used to treat motion sickness.

Back 231

Dramamine (Dimenhydinate)Transderm-Scop (Scopolamine)