Chapter 8

Front 1

Minority groups are characterized by

Back 1

Distinguishable from dominant groups

Excluded or denied full participation

Less access to power and resources; evaluated less favorably

Stereotyped, ridiculed, condemned, or otherwise defamed

Develop collective identities

Front 2

What Characterizes Race and Ethnic Groups?

Back 2

Minority groups are determined by history and ideology.

Dominant groups are not always a numerical majority.

Ethnic and racial groups are the most common minority groups in the world.

Front 3

Race

Back 3

is a group, chosen by a society, who are presumed to have certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

Front 4

Race relation problems are social in origin

During the 18th and 19th centuries, four major groupings were assigned:

Back 4

Mongoloid

Caucasoid

Negroid

Australoid

Front 5

1970 US statement on race

Back 5

All people are born free and equal both in dignity and in rights.

Racism stultifies personal development.

(Racial) conflicts cost nations money and resources.

Racism foments international conflict.

Front 6

Social significance is the idea from symbolic interaction theory that social consequences constitute reality.

Back 6

People assigned group membership, in part, on physical appearance.

All individuals classify objects, including humans.

Classifications used to scientifically study humans.

Classifications can provide individuals with an identity.

Front 7

The Significance of Race vs. Class

Back 7

Racial stratification was the central stratification system in the United States for many years.

Front 8

The division of black America

Back 8

Two in five African Americans are middle-class
Majority of urban, black underclass are unemployed

Front 9

Ethnic groups are groups where membership is based on shared cultural heritage and other cultural factors and is often connected with a national or geographic identity

Back 9

Many racial groups are ethnic groups.

Some ethnic groups are concentrated in ethnic enclaves.

Front 10

Prejudice

Back 10

are non-factual attitudes that target a group, usually negatively

Front 11

Stereotypes are distorted, oversimplified, or exaggerated ideas passed down via culture.

Back 11

Applied to all members of a group

Used to justify prejudice, discrimination, and unequal distribution of resource

Front 12

self-fulfilling prophesy

Back 12

is the incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual’s view of themselves.

Front 13

Frustration-aggression theory

Back 13

is a theory that states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals.

Front 14

Scapegoating

Back 14

is a form of aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward the real target or cause.

Front 15

Racism

Back 15

any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups.

Front 16

Ideological racism

Back 16

is an attempt to justify racism on the basis of a pseudoscientific set of ideas.

Front 17

Symbolic racism

Back 17

people insist they are not prejudiced or racist, yet oppose social policies that would eliminate racism and make true equality of opportunity possible

Front 18

Institutional racism

Back 18

involves discrimination that is hidden within the system.

Front 19

Discrimination

Back 19

is actions taken against members of a minority group; differential treatment of and harmful actions against minorities

Front 20

Individual discrimination

Back 20

is action taken against minority group members by individuals that can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence.

Front 21

Institutional discrimination

Back 21

is intentional and unintentional actions engrained in the normal or routine part of the way an organization operates that have consequences that restrict minority group members

Front 22

Purposeful or De jure discrimination

Back 22

is built into the law or is part of the explicit policies of an organization.

Front 23

Unintentional or De facto discrimination

Back 23

results from broad policies that favor one group and disadvantage another.

Front 24

Side-effect discrimination

Back 24

practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact because they are linked to practices in another institutional area

Front 25

Past-in-present discrimination

Back 25

practices from the past that may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today

Front 26

The form of dominant and minority group relations in a nation depend on several factors

Back 26

Who has more power

The needs of the domination group for commodities (labor and/or other resources)

The cultural norms of each group

The social histories of the group

The physical and cultural identifiers of the group

The times and circumstances

Front 27

Genocide

Back 27

is the systematic effort of a dominant group to destroy a minority

Front 28

Population transfer and transnationalism

Back 28

refers to the removal of a minority group from a region or country

Front 29

Assimilation

Back 29

refers to the structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups (minority loses their original identity).

Front 30

Pluralism

Back 30

occurs when each ethnic or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions but has recognized equity in society

Front 31

Conflict Theory

Back 31

Privileged people perpetuate prejudice and discrimination against minority group members to keep privileges and resources

Front 32

Three critical factors contribute to hostility over resources

Back 32

If two groups of people are identifiably different then “we” versus “they” thinking may develop.

If the groups come into conflict over scarce resources that both groups want for themselves, hostilities are very likely to arise.

If one group has much more power than the other, intense dislike between the two groups and misrepresentation of each group by the other is virtually inescapable.

Front 33

Split Labor Market theory

Back 33

characterizes the labor market as having two levels

Front 34

Primary market

Back 34

"clean” jobs

Front 35

Secondary market

Back 35

minorities, especially from the urban underclass, are most likely to work in this market

Front 36

Structural-Functional Theory

A cheap pool of labors who are in and out of work serves several functions for society

Back 36

A cheap pool of labor provides a labor force to do “dirty work.”

They make occupations that service the poor possible.

They buy goods others do not want.

They set examples for others of what not to be.

They allow others to feel good about giving to charity.

Front 37

Prejudice, racism, and discrimination are dysfunctional for society in many ways

Back 37

They result in a loss of human resources.

They cost society due to poverty and crime.

They maintain hostilities between groups.

They fuel disrespect for those in power.

Front 38

Individual Effects

Back 38

Unequal life chances, health, and access to property

Victims can also have low self-esteem from devalued status in society.

Front 39

Organizations and communities

Back 39

Lose the talents of individuals they exclude

Government subsidies cost millions but made necessary by lack of opportunities for minority individuals.

Front 40

Cultural costs

Back 40

Attempts to justify racism by stereotyping and labeling

Front 41

Five common reactions to dealing with a minority group status

Back 41

Assimilation—accommodation to prejudice and discrimination

Acceptance—live with minority status with little overt challenge to the system

Avoidance—shunning all contact with the dominant group

Aggression—results from anger and resentment over minority status and from subjugation may lead to retaliation or violence

Change-oriented action—minority groups pursue social change in meso and macro-levels of society

Front 42

Nonviolent Resistance

Back 42

think of Martin Luther King Jr. or Gandhi

Front 43

Individual or small-group solutions

Back 43

human relations workshops, group encounters and therapy

Front 44

Group contact

Back 44

integrated housing projects, job programs to promote minority hiring, busing children to schools

Front 45

Institutional and societal strategies

Back 45

lobbying, watchdog monitoring, education information dissemination, protest marches, rallies, and boycotts

Front 46

Affirmative action

Back 46

is a social policy created to change the unequal distribution of resources

Front 47

Strict affirmative action

Back 47

is a policy that involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintended discrimination does not occur

Front 48

Quota systems

Back 48

are policies that require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities (now considered unconstitutional and therefore illegal)

Front 49

Preference policies

Back 49

policies are policies based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality

Front 50

Objectives of preference policies include

Back 50

Eliminate qualifications that are not substantially related to the job that unwittingly favor members of the dominant group

Foster achievement of objectives of the organization that are only possible through enhanced diversity