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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA is short for |
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |
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3 parts of a nucleotide |
Sugar, phosphate, and base
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Base pairing rules of DNA |
Adenine can only bond with thymine
Guanine can only bond with cytosine |
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What does it mean for DNA replication to be called semi-conservative? |
1/2 is conserved and the other 1/2 is new |
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RNA is short for... |
Ribonucleic Acid |
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What are the major differences between DNA and RNA? |
RNA is not a helix, it is single stranded. Sugar in RNA is not deoxyribose, it is ribose Thymine is not replaced with Adenine, it is replaces by Uracil. |
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Describe the basic flow of genetic information and name the steps. |
Cell contains chromosomes which are made of DNA. DNA directs the production of RNA. RNA makes protein which controls the physical traits. |
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Transciption follows the DNA base-pairing rules with one exception... |
Uracil is used instead of Thymine |
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What molecule results from transcription? |
Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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Where does translation take place? |
Ribosomes |
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What is a codon? |
Sets of 3 RNA nucleotides |
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Each mRNA codon matches one of how many amino acids? |
20 |
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An amino acid is held by the end of what? |
A transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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At the other end of a tRNA is what? |
An anticodon |
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Anticodon matches up with what? |
mRNA |
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What are the steps of translation? |
Initiation Elongation Termination |
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Describe Initiation |
2 units of Ribosomes assemble on an mRNA |
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Describe Elongation |
Polypeptide chain grows longer until it reaches a stop codon |
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Describe Termination |
Ribosomes disassembles |
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What is gene regulation? |
Process of turning genes on and off |
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What do transcription factors do? |
Must bind to DNA to "turn on" transcription |
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How is the RNA modified before leaving the nucleus? |
A cap and tail are added Non-coding introns may be removed Protein-coding exons may be rearranged |
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What can the cell control? |
Whether translation proceeds How proteins are modified after translation When proteins are broken down |
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Describe signal transduction |
A signal from another cell can "turn on" or "turn off" in the receiving cell. |
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What are the three types of point mutation? |
Silent, Missense, and Nonsense |
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Describe a silent mutation |
Does not change the amino acid produced |
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Describe a missense mutation |
Substitutes 1 amino acid for another. Produces mutant protein. |
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Describe a nonsense mutation |
Changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon. Shortened protein that is usually defective is produced |
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What kind of mutations are due to the addition or deletion of a nucleotide? |
Frameshift mutations |
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What is the effect of a frameshift mutation? |
Results in different or defective proteins |
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what system regulates the timing of cell duplication? |
A cell cycle control system |
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Define proto-oncogene |
Codes for proteins that tell the cell when to duplicate |
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Define oncogene |
A mutated proto-oncogene fails to regulate cell division |
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how does the development of cancer relate to the proto-oncogene and oncogene? |
Cancer begins within a single cell when proto-oncogenes mutate into oncogenes |
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What happens if a mutation occurs in a growth factor gene? |
Produces a hyperactive protein that promotes division even when it should not. Tumor may result. |
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What happens if a mutation occurs in a tumor-suppressor gene? |
May result in uncontrolled growth |
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What is metastasis? |
The spread of cancer cells in the body |
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What are restriction enzymes? |
Proteins that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. |
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What do restriction enzymes result in? |
Resulting fragments are called restriction fragments |
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How does the Polymerase Chain Reaction work? |
The heat pulls apart DNA. DNA Polymerase rebulds missing strands. Cooling the mixture allows the double helix hydrogen bonds to reform |
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What are short tandem repeats? |
Sites where a short nucleotide sequence is repeated man times in a row |
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Observation: Overproduction |
More individuals are born thatn can be supported by the environment |
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Observation: Limited Resources |
The amount of resources stays relatively constant |
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Conclusion: Competition |
More offspring are born than can be supported by limited resources. Not all individuals survive and reproduce |
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Observation: Variation |
Darwin also observed that no two individuals are alike |
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Conclusion: Natural Selection |
Those individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to survive and reproduce |
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Observation: Hereditability |
The traits of an organism are likely to be passed to the next generation |
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Conclusion: Evolution |
Because traits are passed from one generation to the next and because certain members are more likely to survive and reproduce, a population will change over time, becoming better suited to its environment |
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List three important points about evolution |
Individuals don't evolve Natural selection works with heritable traits Evolution doesn't have a goal |
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List several supporting lines of evidence for evolution |
Fossils Biogeography Comparative Anatomy Bioinformatics |
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Describe fossils |
When organisms die, fall into accumulating sediment and are compressed into rock |
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Describe Biogeography |
the study of the geographic distribution of species |
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Describe comparative anatomy |
Comparisons of the body structures of modern organisms |
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Describe Bioinformatics |
Employs computational tools to process genetic data |
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How can changes to the genetic makeup of a population arise? |
mutation and sexual recomination |
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Define population |
group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time |
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What is Darwinian Fitness? |
The contribution an individual makes to a gene pool of the next generation. |
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What are the Mechanisms of Evolution? |
Genetic Drift Bottleneck and Founder effect Gene flow Sexual Selection |
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Define Genetic Drift |
Change in gene pool due to chance |
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Define Bottleneck and Founder Effect |
If a population is drastically reduced in numbers If a few individuals migrate to a new isolated habitat |
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Define Gene flow |
Genetic exchange among a population due to migration |
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Define Sexual Selection |
Form of natural selection that depends on an individual's ability to maintain a mate |
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Define species |
Population that is capable of interbreeding to produce healthy, fertile, offspring |
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List the 6 reproductive barriers |
Behavioral isolation Mating time differences habitat isolation mechanical incompatibility gametic incompatibility hybrid weakness |
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describe behavioral isolation |
members of a species often identify each other through specific rituals |
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describe mating time differences |
many species are able to reproduce only at specific times |
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Describe habitat isolation |
if species live in slightly different habitats, the may never meet |
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Mechanical incompatibility |
Members of different species often cannot mate because their anatomies are incompatible |
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Gametic incompatibility |
the gametes of different species usually cannot fertilize each other |
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Hybrid weakness |
offspring of 2 species unable to reproduce or may produce unfit offspring |
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What is allopatric speciation? |
may occur when a physical barrier isolates a population |
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What is sympatric speciation? |
May occur quite suddenly due to large scale genetic changes |
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Describe the Urey and Miller experiment |
Demonstrated that organic monomers can form under conditions that simulate early Earth |
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What may have been the first duplicating molecule? |
RNA |
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List features of the Bacteria Domain |
Unicellular Found everywhere Some cause disease, but most are beneficial |
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List features of the archaea domain |
Unicellular Often live in extreme conditions |
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What is an endospore? |
Thick shelled protective container for harsh conditions |
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What are three common shapes of bacteria? |
Cocci Bacilli Spiral |
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Describe cocci |
spherical shape alone, chained, clusters |
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Describe Bacilli |
Rod shaped single or chain |
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Describe spiral |
Curved mostly occur alone |
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Describe habitat and features of methanogens |
produce methane gas as waste product found in thick mud, bottom of swamp or bog thrive in oxygen-free conditions within landfills |
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Describe habitat and features of halphiles |
thrive in super salty conditions |
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Describe habitat and feature of thermophiles |
"Heat loves" live in temps above boiling |
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List the ways in which bacteria can be helpful |
nitrogen fixers decomposers sewage treatment decompsers bioremedication |
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Describe nitrogen fixer |
convert nitrogen into form plants can use |
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describe decomposers |
breaking down dead organisms |
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describe sewage treatment |
decompose sludge, recycle nutrients |
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Describe bioremedication |
genetically modified for oil spills |
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The relatively few species that can cause serious illness |
Pathogens |
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Describe transformation |
Pieces of DNA may be taken up by other bacteria and integrated |
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Describe transduction |
A phage transfers DNA |
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Describe conjugation |
donor cell transfers a chromosome |
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Describe plasmid transfer |
Plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome |
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What is a bacteriophage? |
a virus that infects bacteria |
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How is it thought that the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells developed? |
Consists of interconnected internal membrane enclosed organelles |
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When one species lives inside another host species |
Endosymbiosis |
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List four types of protists |
Protozoans Slime molds Ameobas Algae |
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Describe protozoans |
protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating |
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Describe slime molds |
Resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle |
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Describe amoebas |
Single-celled with great flexibility in their body form |
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Describe algae |
Photosynthetic protists able to produce their ow food from sunlight |
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What would be advantages to being a multicellular organism? |
Not as much work Live in different environments "Redundant" |
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Two life cycle phases of a bacteriphage |
Lytic and lysogenic |
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What does HIV use to reproduce? |
Reverse transcription |
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HIV uses reverse transcription to do what? |
convert RNA into DNA |
