Chapter 6 Embalming Chemicals

Front 1

Arterial fluid (embaliming, Vascular, or preservative)

Back 1

The concentrated, preservation embalming chemical that will be diluted with water to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial system during the vascular embalming

Front 2

Arterial solution (embalming solution, primary dilution)

Back 2

the in-use solution composed of embalming fluid diluted with water and other additives (supplemental) chemicals for injection into the body

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Cavity fluid

Back 3

concentrated embalming chemicals, which are injected in to the cavities of the body following aspiration in cavity embalming. This chemical can alos be used for surface and hypodermic embalming

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Supplemental fluid

Back 4

fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection. Some are injected before the preservation solution, other are injected WITH the preservation solution.

Front 5

Accessory chemicals

Back 5

A group of chemicals used in addition to vascular and cavity embalming fluids, most are applied to the body surface

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Preservative

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arrest decompostion by altering enzymes and lysins of the body as well as by converting the domposable tissue into a form much less susceptible to docompostion

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Germicides

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employed in embalming fluids to kill microorganisms or to render them inactive

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What two ways can Germicides kill or make microorganisms inactive?

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1. the chemical acts directly on the protein of which the microbe is composed.
2. the chemical acts on the protein material from which it derives its nourishment

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Modifying Agents

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influences the chemical reactions produced by the preservation solution and function in embalming fluid to control the action of the main preservative agents.

Front 10

What are the three types of modifying agents?

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1. Humectants
2. Buffers
3. Inorganic salts.

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Humectats

Back 11

used to hydrate tissues. These chemicals increase the capability of embalmed tissue to retian moisture. Also, fuction to control and delay the firming and or drying action of the presercative.

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Buffers

Back 12

helps maintain the acid-base balance within embalming solution and embalmed tissue

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Inorganic salts

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These compounds play an important role in determining the osmotic qualities of the embalmng solution. ** can be found in buffers, preservatives, germicides, and water conditioners.

Front 14

Anticoagulants

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retards the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural postmortem processes or they prevent adverse reactions between book and other embalming chemicals

Front 15

Humectats

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used to hydrate tissues. These chemicals increase the capability of embalmed tissue to retian moisture. Also, fuction to control and delay the firming and or drying action of the presercative.

Front 16

The ________ may be the principal components of a nonpreservative preinjection fluid, or coninjection fluid.

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anticoagulants

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Humectats

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used to hydrate tissues. These chemicals increase the capability of embalmed tissue to retian moisture. Also, fuction to control and delay the firming and or drying action of the presercative.

Front 18

Buffers

Back 18

helps maintain the acid-base balance within embalming solution and embalmed tissue

Front 19

Inorganic salts

Back 19

These compounds play an important role in determining the osmotic qualities of the embalmng solution. ** can be found in buffers, preservatives, germicides, and water conditioners.

Front 20

Buffers

Back 20

helps maintain the acid-base balance within embalming solution and embalmed tissue

Front 21

Anticoagulants

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retards the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural postmortem processes or they prevent adverse reactions between book and other embalming chemicals

Front 22

The ________ may be the principal components of a nonpreservative preinjection fluid, or coninjection fluid.

Back 22

anticoagulants

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Inorganic salts

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These compounds play an important role in determining the osmotic qualities of the embalmng solution. ** can be found in buffers, preservatives, germicides, and water conditioners.

Front 24

Anticoagulants

Back 24

retards the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural postmortem processes or they prevent adverse reactions between book and other embalming chemicals

Front 25

The ________ may be the principal components of a nonpreservative preinjection fluid, or coninjection fluid.

Back 25

anticoagulants

Front 26

The dyes that merly colour the fulid in the bottle are

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Inactive dyes

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Deodorants

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displace an unpleasant odor or convert an unpleasent odor into a more pleasent one

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Surfactants

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Wetting agents, surface tension reducers, prenetrating agents, surface-active agents, and emulsifying agents. Reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures.*used to promote diffucsion of the presercative substances through the capillary walls to saturate the tissues uniformly

Front 29

Dyes

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Substances, that when dissolves, impact a definite colour to a solvent.

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The dyes that colour tissue are called

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Active dyes

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Dyes

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are substance, that when dissolved, impart a definite colour to a solvent.

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The two types of dyes are

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Active and inactive

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Those dyes that colour the tissues are call

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active dyes (staining)

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Those dyes that merely colour the fluid in the bottle are called

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Inactive dyes(nonstaining)

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Deodorants

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displace the unpleasent odor or convert an unpleasent odor into a more pleasant one

Front 36

The primary function of _____ is to enhance the odor of the embalming solution

Back 36

deodorant

Front 37

Vehicles

Back 37

serve as a solvents for the many compounds incorporated into an embalming fluid.

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Preservatives

Back 38

the agents in the chemicals preservative solution that reacts with proteins

Front 39

These compounds change a protein from a state in which it is easily decomposed to a state in which it will endure and not undergo putrefaction.

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Preservatives

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Putrefaction

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Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzumes from anaerobic baterica

Front 41

Formalin, paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde polymerization products or formaldehyde "donors" light aldehydes, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, phenol, phenolic derivatives, and some alcohols are examples of

Back 41

Preservatives

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Formalin

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an aqueous solution containing 37% formaldehyde gas by mass in water or in water and methyl alcohol.

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Paraformaldehyde

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a solid form of formaldhyde

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Index

Back 44

identifies only the absolute formaldehyde gas present in any given product

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Paraformalderhyde

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a polymer of formaldehyde. White powdery soild containing from 85 to 99% formaldehyde.

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This form of formaldehyde is used where powdered preparations are involved , such as in hardening compounds or other powdered preparations used for "dusting" the body walls or viscera

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Paraformaldehyde

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Trioxane

Back 47

Polymer of formaldehyde , a colourless crystalline material with an odor resembling that of chloroform.

Front 48

Phenol

Back 48

chiefly use in cavity fluid formulations.

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Phenol chemical makeup

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a coal-tar derivative that is a colorless crystalline solid. Penetrates the skin very readily and is very rapid absorbed by protein structures.

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Phenol and Phenolic derivatives are good

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germicides

Front 51

Formulations containing phenol or phenolic are often used as

Back 51

bleaching agents to lighten discolouration on the skin surface. The solution either is applied as an external pack or is injected subcueously with a hyprodermic syringe.

Front 52

What are the 6 main uses for concentrated phenol solutions in embalming

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1. Presevation
2. Germicide and fungicide
3. Bleaching agent
4.Cautery agent
5. Reducing agent
6. Drying agent

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Triple based fluid

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a fluid containing phenol, methyl alcohol, and formaldehyde.

Front 54

Double-base fluid

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presumably is one containing formaldehyde and methyl alcohol

Front 55

Germicides are incorporated into

Back 55

artrial fluids, some coinjection fluids, cavity fluids, and surface disinfectants.

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Germicides

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kill or render incapable of reproducing disease-causing microorganisms.

Front 57

Examples of germicides are

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Formaldehyde, phenol, and phenolic dervatives

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Modifying Agents

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controll the rate of action of the main preservative chemicals of embalming formulations.

Front 59

Three main Modifying Agents

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1. Buffers
2. Humectants
3. Inorganic Salts

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Buffers

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agents that serve to control the acid-base balance of fluid and tissues

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Humectants

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agents that serve to control tissue moistures balance

Front 62

Inorganic Salts

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agents that help control the osmotic qualities of the embalming solutions

Front 63

Many buffers can be used as

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water conditioning and anticoagulants

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Buffers are employed in embalming fluids to

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stabilize the acid-based balance of the fluid

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Normal body pH is about 7.38 to 7.4 after death it becomes...

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an acid pH which is a result of rigor mortis cycle because of the carbhydrates breakdown

Front 66

What are the examples of the comounds used as anticoagulants serve as buffer pairs

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borates, citrates, carbonates, phosphates.

Front 67

Salts such as weak acids as boric acid and carbonic acid serve what purpose

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They stabilize the formalin use in making the fluid

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Borates

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reduce the haring and graying action of formalehyde. * formations containing a well balanced mixture of borates have been found to keep formaldehyde stable beyond 2 years

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Carbonates

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Sodium carbonate is used alone or in combination with borates to modify the action of formalddehyde on tissue

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Humectants

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having a coating action; they wrap around the formaldehyde molecule and thus keep the formaldehyde from making direct contact with albuminous material until the tissues are throughly saturated and bathed with preservitive solution.

Front 71

Glycerine

Back 71

a by product of the manufacture of soap, can be classified as a soap.

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Anticoagulant AKA

Back 72

water condtioners or softeners

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Anticoagulant

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are used to maintain blood in liquid state and thereby make it easy to remove from the circulatory system.

Front 74

Accessory Chemicals

Back 74

Group of chemicals used in addition to Vascular and cavity embalming fluid

Front 75

Anticoagulent fluid

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Ingredient of embalming fluids that retards the natural postmortum tendency of blood to become more viscous or prevent adverse reactions between bood and other embalming chemicals

Front 76

Buffers

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Embalming chemical that effects the stabilization of acid-based balance with embalming solution and in embalming tissue

Front 77

Cavity Fluid

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Embalming chemical that is injected in a body cavity following aspiration in cavity embalming

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Coinjection fluid

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Supplemental fluid used primarly to enhance the action of vascular solution

Front 79

Hardening Compound

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Chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb and to disinfect. Often used in cavity treatment of autopsied cases

Front 80

High index fluid

Back 80

Special vascular fluid with a formaldehyde content of 25 to 36%

Front 81

Index

Back 81

Strength on an embalming fluid, indicated by the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 millileters of water

Front 82

Modifiying agents

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chemical components of vascular fluid that controls the rate and degree of tissue frimness by the fluid

Front 83

Noncosmetic fluid

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The type of arterial fluid that contains inactive dyes that will not impact color change on the body of the deceased

Front 84

Precipitants

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Substance bring about precipitation

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Preseveration

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Chemicals that inactivate Saprophytc bacteria render unsuitable for nutrition the media in which such bacteria thrive, and will arrest decomposition by alterning enzymes and lysin of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a less subsceptible to decomp

Front 86

Presevation powder

Back 86

chemical in powder form typically used for surface embalming the remains

Front 87

Restorative fluid

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Humectant- Supplemental fluid, used with the regular arterial solution whose purpose is to retain body moisture and retard dehydration

Front 88

Sequesting agent

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Chemical agent that can "Fence off" or tie up metal ions so they cannot react iwth other chemicals

Front 89

Supplmental fluid

Back 89

A fluid the embalmer adds to the preservation solution to enhance certain qualities of the preservation fluid coinjection, dyes, humectant, water conditioning

Front 90

Surfactant

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Chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so it can flow through small apertures

Front 91

Vehicle

Back 91

Liquid that serves as a solvent for the numerous ingredients incorporated into embalming

Front 92

Cavity fluid components

Back 92

1. Preservation
2. Supplemental Germicides
3. Vehicles
4. Surfactants

Front 93

Supplemental Fluids- Examples

Back 93

1. Preinjection fluid
2. Restorative fluid
3. coinjction fluid

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Accessory Chemicals

Back 94

Autopsy Chemicals
Sealing agent
Surface pack

Front 95

Components of Autopsy Chemicals

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1. Hardening componets
2. Preservation powders
3. mold preventative agents

Front 96

4 types of Sealing Agents

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1. Powders
2. Liquids
3. Creams or Gels
4. Spray sealers

Front 97

Peservation- Aldehyde- most common

Back 97

Formaldehyde

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Characterstics of Formaldehyde

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1. colourless gas
2. water soluble
3. Pungent odor
4. Affinity for Nitrogen
5. Formed by oxidation of methanol

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Formaldehyde has an affinity for

Back 99

Nitrogen

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States of Formaldehyde

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1. Gas
2. Compound
3. Solid

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Formaldehyde in Gas form is called

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Formaldehyde *naturally found as a gas

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Formaldehyde in liquid form

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Formalin

Front 103

The liquid form of formaldehyde is % weight and % voume

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formalin
37
40

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Formaldehyde in solid form is called

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Paraformaldehyde

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Formaldehyde is decalared a

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Preservative
aldehyde

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Alcohol is a

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Preservative

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Methanol is declared an

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alcohol

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Methanol is a good

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preservative

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Methanol is a good ____ for other chemicals

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Solvent

Front 110

Methanol is small enough to penetrate

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into cells/tissue

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Phenol AKA

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Carbolic Acid

Front 112

God for a varity of purposes Phenol

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1. Preservation
2. Disinfection
3. Bleaching tissue
4. Cauterizing tissue
5. Dehydrating tissue

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Modifying agents

Back 113

1. Buffers
2. Humectants
3. Inorganic Salts

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Buffers

Back 114

Necessary because the body tissue will change pH after death

Front 115

Circulating blood has a pH of

Back 115

7.4

Front 116

As rigor mortix becomes present, the body stiffens and becomes

Back 116

acidic

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As rigor leaves the body, and the decomposition beomes more preilent, the tissue of the body will become more

Back 117

alkaline

Front 118

Humectants

Back 118

generally considered moisturizing agents

Front 119

Most common humectant is

Back 119

Sorbitol

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Another name of anticoagulants

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Water conditioning
Water softeners

Front 121

Surfactants

Back 121

in embalming solution is used to lower the surface tension of the embalming solution and allow for more penetration into the tissue being embalmed

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Two types of Dyes

Back 122

inactive
active

Front 123

Active dyes

Back 123

impart of colour to tissue

Front 124

Categories of Artieral fluid

Back 124

index
color
Firming speed
firmness

Front 125

Primary dilution

Back 125

the mixture of preservative in the solution in the embalming machine after it is mixed with water

Front 126

Secondary solution

Back 126

The mixture of preservative in the body after the solution has been diluted by bodily fluids

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computation of Primary Dilution

Back 127

C x V = C' x V'

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C

Back 128

Concentration of fluid in the bottle (index)

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V

Back 129

Volume of fluid from the bottle (ounces)

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C'

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Primary Dilution of solution in the embalming machine tank

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V'

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Volume of solution in the tank ( measure in ounces)

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how many ounces are in a gallon

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