Chapter 6 Biology Test

Front 1

Compare and Contrast Animal cells and Plant cells

Back 1

Plant cells have a central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplast and animals cells do not. They both have a plasma membrane and a nucleus.

Front 2

Prokaryotic cells

Back 2

Prokaryotic cell has no nucleus and lacks many other organelles, they also appear earliest in Earth’s fossils.

Front 3

Eukaryotic cells

Back 3

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and other internal organelles bounded by membranes. These appeared later in Earth’s history.

Front 4

Plasma Membrane structure

Back 4

Composed mostly of proteins and a type of lipid, phospholipids.

Front 5

Proteins

Back 5

to let things travel through the membrane

Front 6

Phospholipids

Back 6

main structural component (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail)

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

cell to cell recognition

Front 8

Cholesterol

Back 8

regulate fluidity

Front 9

Phospholipid structure

Back 9

Structured much like a fat molecule but only has 2 fatty acids instead of 3. The 2 fatty acids at one end (tail) are hydrophobic and not attracted to water, while the other end (head) includes a phosphate group which is negatively charges and hydrophilic, which is attracted to water.

Front 10

4 functions of membrane proteins

Back 10

1. enzyme activity
2. Cell to cell recognition
3. Cell signaling
4. Transport of materials

Front 11

enzyme activity

Back 11

catalyze reactions of nearby substances

Front 12

cell to cell recognition

Back 12

molecules on the surface of other molecules are “recognized” by membrane proteins

Front 13

cell signaling

Back 13

chemical messenger binds to membrane protein, causing it to change shape and relay the message inside the cell

Front 14

transport of materials

Back 14

transport proteins provide channels for certain solutes

Front 15

diffusion

Back 15

net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated
HIGH->LOW CONCENTRATION.

Front 16

osmosis

Back 16

Passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 17

Facilitated diffusion

Back 17

transport proteins provide a pathway for certain molecules to pass.

Front 18

Active transport

Back 18

When a cell expands energy to move molecules or ions across a membrane.

Front 19

Endocytosis

Back 19

Reverse from exocytosis. Takes material into the cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane. Larger membrane sacks are also formed by endocytosis when food particles are ingested

Front 20

Exocytosis

Back 20

When exporting protein products from a cell, a vesicle containing the proteins fuses with the plasma membrane and spills its contents outside the cell.

Front 21

active transport

Back 21

when a cell expands energy to move molecules or ions across a membrane

Front 22

passive transport

Back 22

diffusion across a membrane and the cell expands. (no energy)

Front 23

why it is important for the cell membrane to be semi-permeable or to have selective permeability?

Back 23

Because its very particular of what it lets pass through it’s membrane.

Front 24

Hypertonic

Back 24

The solution with a higher concentration of solute

Front 25

Hypotonic

Back 25

The solution with a lower concentration of solute.

Front 26

Isotonic

Back 26

The solution when the concentrations of solute are equal

Front 27

nucleus

Back 27

Houses cell’s genetic material in form of DNA

Front 28

nucleolus

Back 28

makes ribosomes

Front 29

nuclear membrane

Back 29

protects nucleus

Front 30

ribosome

Back 30

site of protein synthesis

Front 31

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 31

smooth ER makes lipids/carbs and breaks down toxin. Rough ER makes specialized proteins.

Front 32

Golgi apparatus

Back 32

modifies, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids for export or insertion into cell membranes.

Front 33

vacuole

Back 33

stores undigested nutrients

Front 34

vesicle

Back 34

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

Front 35

central vacuole

Back 35

stores undigested nutrients and water

Front 36

lysosome

Back 36

has digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules

Front 37

chloroplast

Back 37

photosynthic organelles found in cells of plants

Front 38

mitochondria

Back 38

ENERGY

Front 39

cell wall

Back 39

protects plant cell and maintains shape

Front 40

Cytoskeleton

Back 40

where muscles/organelles attach

Front 41

centriole

Back 41

used in cell division

Front 42

Pathway used to make cell membranes

Back 42

First it goes to the nucleus where it makes ribosomes, and then it goes to the rough ER which makes proteins, and then to the golgi apparatus and sorts and modifies it, and then it goes into a vesicle and then it travels wherever