Chapter 5: Tissues: Living Communities

Front 1

absorptive cell

Back 1

Commonly found in the small intestine, can absorb nutrients from the luminal (inner) surface via phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Have large surface areas because they have microvilli, which increases the absorptive capability of the cell.

Front 2

acinar gland

Back 2

The secretory units of exocrine glands; contain one or more saclike structures.

Front 3

adipose

Back 3

Fat.

Front 4

adipose cell/adipocyte

Back 4

Type of fixed cell in connective tissue that stores fat (lipids) in the cytoplasm. Nucleus and other organelles are pushed to the periphery (outer edge) of the cell.

Front 5

alveolar glands

Back 5

Secretory units of exocrine glands that are saclike in form.

Front 6

apical surface

Back 6

Side of an epithelial cell that faces in toward the body cavity.

Front 7

apocrine gland

Back 7

A gland whose secretions contain some of its cellular material. Part of the secretory cell is destroyed and must regenerate before the cell can secrete again.

Examples: mammary glands, some sweat glands.

Front 8

areolar (or loose) connective tissue

Back 8

Soft, spongy connective tissue that is located throughout the body. Composed of a soft ground substance, numerous cell types (white blood cells, fibroblasts, macrophages), and all three types of fiber (elastic, reticular, and collagenous).

Front 9

articular cartilage

Back 9

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints.

Articular surface - any part of a bone that makes direct contact with another bone in a synovial joint.

Synovial joint - most common movable type of joint in the body of a mammal.

Front 10

ascites

Back 10

Abnormal condition in which an excessive amount of fluid is in the abdominal cavity.

Front 11

basal surface

Back 11

Side of an epithelial cell that faces a lower level of connective tissue.

Front 12

blast

Back 12

A cell that is producing a particular substance.

Front 13

broad ligaments

Back 13

Paired sheets of connective tissue that suspend the uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and attach it to the abdominal wall.

Mesovarium - supports the ovary

Mesosalpix - supports the oviduct

Mesometrium - supports the uterus

Front 14

brown adipose tissue/brown fat

Back 14

Found mostly in species of animals that hibernate, and in newborn animals. Releases its stored lipid reserves in the form of heat. Highly vascularized, lots of mitochondria.

Front 15

brush border

Back 15

Microvilli on free surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells and kidney tubule cells. Resemble bristles of a brush.

Front 16

canaliculi

Back 16

Tiny channels through matrix of bone. Used for communication between osteocytes, and from osteocytes to blood.

Front 17

cardiac muscle

Back 17

Striated and involuntary. Found only in the heart. One centrally located nucleus.

Front 18

chondroblasts

Back 18

Fixed cells that form cartilage.

Front 19

chondrocyte

Back 19

Mature cartilage cell.

Front 20

chondroitin sulfate

Back 20

Glycosaminoglycan found in cartilage.

Front 21

chondronectin

Back 21

Adhesive glycosaminoglycan found in cartilage.

Front 22

collagenous fiber

Back 22

Structural protein found in tendons and ligaments.

Front 23

compound gland

Back 23

Exocrine gland with branched ducts.

Front 24

connective tissue

Back 24

Tissue made up of cells and extracellular substances that connect and support cells and other tissues.

Front 25

connexon

Back 25

Protein-filled channel that helps with intercellular transport of nutrients.

Front 26

cuboidal cell

Back 26

Cube-shaped cells with central nucleus.

Front 27

cuboidal epithelium

Back 27

Epithelium composed of cuboidal cells.

Front 28

cutaneous membrane/integument

Back 28

Outer layer (epidermis) is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - helps waterproof and prevent dehydration of body.

Inner layer (dermis) is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, collagenous, and elastic fibers - helps by giving it reinforcement and flexibility.

Front 29

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 29

Collagen-based fibrous tissue found in dermis, spleen, and liver. Has thicker bundles of fiber than dense regular connective tissue, designed to withstand tension from multiple directions.

Front 30

dense regular connective tissue

Back 30

Tightly bound, minimally vascularized fibrous connective tissue found in ligaments, tendons, and fascia.

Front 31

desmosome

Back 31

Type of intercellular attachment found in epithelial tissue. Bond is formed from interlocking of filaments that connect plasma membranes of adjacent cells. Like Velcro.

Front 32

diapedesis

Back 32

White blood cells leave capillaries and enter tissue by squeezing through tiny spaces between capillary cells.

Front 33

duct

Back 33

Tube that provides exit for secretory or excretory products.

Front 34

edema

Back 34

Abnormal accumulation of fluid, either localized or generalized, within tissues or cavities of the body.

Front 35

effusion

Back 35

Excess fluid that has escaped into a body cavity to the detriment of normal body function.

Front 36

elastic cartilage

Back 36

Yellow cartilage. Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more opaque and contains many elastic fibers. Found in external ear and the epiglottis.

Front 37

elastic connective tissue

Back 37

Composed of large numbers of elastic fibers; found in tissues that expand and contract, like lungs and vocal cords.

Front 38

elastic fiber

Back 38

Composed of elastic. Form a delicate mesh in tissues.

Front 39

endothelium

Back 39

Composed of simple squamous epithelium. Lines the heart, blood vessels, and serous cavities of the body.

Front 40

epithelial tissues

Back 40

Collection of tissues that are made up of layers of cells that line and cover body surfaces. Cells may be in single or multiple layers.

Front 41

epithelialization

Back 41

Rapid division of epithelial cells around a wound edge. Attempts to cover the opening of a wound.

Front 42

erythrocyte

Back 42

Red blood cells.

Front 43

exocrine glands

Back 43

Release their secretions through ducts that lead directly to the location intended to be controlled.

Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands

Front 44

extracellular matrix

Back 44

Nonliving substance found between cells, provides support and nourishment.

Front 45

exudate

Back 45

Accumulation of fluid, pus, or serum in a cavity or tissue.

Front 46

fascia

Back 46

Arrangement of dense regular connective tissue that lies over muscle. Helps to support, separate, and connect muscles to other structures.

Front 47

fibrin

Back 47

Essential to coagulation of blood. Forms lattice of interwoven fibers around blood cells and platelets that solidify to form a blood clot.

Front 48

fibrinogen

Back 48

Protein formed in the liver and released into the bloodstream, especially in the presence of inflammatory processes. When acted on by thrombin, forms fibrin.

Front 49

fibroblast

Back 49

Fixed cell involved in development of connective tissue.

Front 50

fibrocartilage

Back 50

Found between vertebrae of spine. It has no perichondrium. Usually found intermingled with hyaline cartilage, has excellent ability to resist compression.

Front 51

fibrous adhesions

Back 51

Generated during the healing process; often seen in abdominal and thoracic cavities after surgical procedures.

Front 52

first-intention healing

Back 52

Occurs in tissues in which the wound edges are held closely together, as in the case of a sutured wound. Little or no granulation tissue is formed. Generally minimal scarring.

Front 53

fixed cells

Back 53

One of the two subdivisions of connective tissue cells. Stationary within connective tissue; form functions such as matrix production and regulation.

Front 54

gap junction

Back 54

Pores that exist in intestinal epithelial cells of most animals. Allow passage of nutrients; provides channel for intercellular communication.

Front 55

glandular epithelium

Back 55

Epithelial tissue composed of one goblet cell or groups of cells that produce and secrete substances into the lumen.

Front 56

glycosaminoglycan (GAGs)

Back 56

Carbs composed of amino sugars, which are found in proteoglycans.

Front 57

goblet cell

Back 57

Found in respiratory and intestinal tracts. Secretes mucus. Goblet-shaped.

Front 58

granulation tissue

Back 58

New vascular and cellular tissue formed during restoration of wounded tissues. Mostly consists of connective tissue and new blood vessels.

Front 59

Haversian canal

Back 59

Central canal that runs the length of the Haversian system. Contains the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply and nourish osteocytes.

Front 60

hemothorax

Back 60

Blood present in the pleural cavity as a result of a condition such as pneumonia, cancerous tumors, or trauma.

Front 61

heparin

Back 61

Polysaccharide made by mast cells that acts as an anticoagulant to help continue increase blood flow during inflammatory process.

Front 62

histiocytes

Back 62

Macrophages located in loose connective tissue.

Front 63

holocrine gland

Back 63

Its granular secretions contain not only secretory products, but also the cells themselves. They are destroyed in process of secretion.

Example: sebaceous gland

Front 64

hyaline cartilage

Back 64

Bluish, translucent cartilage present in costal cartilage, trachea, and embryonic skeleton. Composed of densely packed collagen fibers, covered by the perichondrium, except when present as articular cartilage in joints.

Front 65

immunoglobulins

Back 65

Created by B lymphocytes; also called antibodies. Produced by exposure to an infectious agent's antigen.

Front 66

integument

Back 66

Outer covering of the body, consisting of skin and all its related components, such as nails, hair, hooves, and horns.

Front 67

junctional complex

Back 67

The point at which epithelial cells join to one another in very close proximity.

Front 68

Kupffer cells

Back 68

Macrophages present in the liver. 50% of macrophages are Kupffer cells.

Front 69

lacunae

Back 69

Small cavities within the matrix of some connective tissues, within which cells are contained.

Front 70

lamina propria

Back 70

Areolar connective tissue located in the mucous membranes.

Front 71

loose connective tissue

Back 71

Vascularized type of connective tissue whose general function is to support the structures it surrounds.

Examples: areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues

Front 72

lumen

Back 72

Opening in the middle of the intestinal tract or any hollow organ.

Front 73

macrophage

Back 73

Phagocytic cells that can engulf relatively large cells or bits of debris.

Front 74

mast cell

Back 74

Transient cell of connective tissue containing heparin and histamine used in the inflammatory response. They recognized foreign invaders and release heparin and histamine to increase blood flow to the area.

Front 75

merocrine glands

Back 75

Glands whose secretions contain none of its cells, so it remains intact during the process.

Examples: sweat and salivary glands

Front 76

mesoderm

Back 76

Middle layer of fetal body tissues, located between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Gives rise to all connective and muscle tissues.

Front 77

mesothelium

Back 77

Layer of cells that lines the body cavities of the fetus and covers the serous membranes in adult animals.

Front 78

microglial cells

Back 78

Macrophages located in brain tissue.

Front 79

mixed exocrine glands

Back 79

Exocrine glands that can produce both mucous and serous secretions.

Example: salivary glands

Front 80

mucosa

Back 80

Inner layer of intestinal tract. Contains glands that secrete into the lumen of the GI tract.

Front 81

mucous membrane

Back 81

Mucous-producing layer of stratified squamous or columnar epithelium found over lamina propria. It is present in organs that have contact with the outside of the body. Mucus production from them is commonly found in the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts.

Front 82

myoepithelial cells

Back 82

Cells in the mammary glands that have characteristics of both muscle cells and epithelial cells. When stimulated by oxytocin, they contract, squeezing milk down into the large ducts and sinuses.

Front 83

nephrosis

Back 83

Abnormal condition of the kidney involving degenerative changes.

Front 84

neuroglia

Back 84

Cells in the nervous system that protect and support the neurons.

Examples: oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes

Front 85

nonstriated involuntary muscle

Back 85

An old name for smooth muscle.

Front 86

omentum

Back 86

Supportive mesenteries which arise from the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach.

Front 87

osteoclasts

Back 87

Large, multinuclear cells of the bone that absorb bone and reshape and remold damaged bones.

Front 88

parietal layer

Back 88

Layer of pleura or peritoneum that lines the thorax or abdomen, respectively.

Front 89

perichondrium

Back 89

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the external surface of the cartilage. Vascularized and provides limited amount of nutrition to cartilage.

Front 90

peritoneal fluid

Back 90

Secreted by peritoneum in the abdomen. Lubricates internal organs as they move over one another.

Front 91

pitting edema

Back 91

Condition in which dents are left behind in moist, edematous tissue when pressed firmly.

Front 92

plaque

Back 92

Flat, thickened site present in desmosomes of the epithelial tissue.

Front 93

pleural fluid

Back 93

Fluid secreted by serous membranes of pleural cavity. Helps lubricate the lungs during respiration.

Front 94

proteoglycan

Back 94

Viscous intercellular material located in gaps between adjacent cells in zonula adeherens (complex in cell-cell junctions between epithelial and endothelial tissues). Composed of polysaccharide chains and small proteins.

Front 95

proud flesh

Back 95

Condition in which thick layers of new tissues (granulation tissues) develop in an otherwise nonhealing wound; also known as exuberant granulation tissue.

Front 96

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 96

Single-layered columnar epithelium that appear to be stratified because of the location of their nuclei. Often ciliated and good at moving material across their surfaces.

Front 97

reticular cells

Back 97

CElls of reticular connective tissue. Particularly important in lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue.

Front 98

second-intention healing

Back 98

Healing of wounds that are not sutured and produce granulation tissue.

Front 99

serosae

Back 99

Outermost layers of the intestinal tract.

Front 100

serous membrane

Back 100

Membrane that lines a serous cavity, such as the thorax or abdomen. Fluid produced by serous membranes help lubricate organs.

Front 101

simple ciliated columnar epithelium

Back 101

Single-layered, columnar-shaped epithelium containing cilia; found in the oviduct.

Front 102

simple columnar epithelium

Back 102

Single-layered columnar epithelium found in the stomach and intestines because of its ability to absorb and secrete.

Front 103

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 103

Single-layered, cube-shaped epithelium found in the ovaries and in many of the ducts of the body because of its ability to aid in secretion.

Front 104

simple gland

Back 104

An exocrine gland with unbranched ducts.

Front 105

simple squamous epithelium

Back 105

Delicate, single-layered, flat-celled epithelium found in the alveoli of the lungs and lining blood vessels.

Front 106

skeletal muscle

Back 106

Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that allows conscious movement of an animal.

Front 107

smooth muscle

Back 107

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle having only one nucleus per cell. Found in the digestive tract.

Front 108

specialized connective tissue

Back 108

Tissue including bone, blood, and cartilage. May be subdivided into supportive connective tissue, which includes bone and cartilage, and vascular connective tissue, including blood.

Front 109

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 109

Multilayered, cube-shaped epithelium found in the excretory tracts of the body.

Front 110

stratified epithelium

Back 110

Epithelium composed of more than one layer of cells.

Front 111

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 111

Epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers of flat squamous cells; found in epidermis of skin, vagina, mouth, and anus. Can regenerate rapidly.

Front 112

striated muscle

Back 112

Muscle that looks striped because of alternating dark and light bands.

Examples: cardiac and skeletal muscle

Front 113

stroma

Back 113

Foundation-supporting tissues of organs.

Front 114

submucosa

Back 114

Second innermost layer of intestinal tract; lies between mucosa and muscle layer.

Front 115

synovial membrane

Back 115

Membrane that lines joint capsules. Composed of connective tissue and produces synovial fluid, which reduces friction in the joint.

Front 116

tight junction

Back 116

An intercellular connection that is impermeable to leaks. Passage of extracellular substances can only occur through the cell itself. Formed by the fusion of one cell's plasma membrane to another cell's plasma membrane.

Front 117

tonofilaments

Back 117

Provide structural support for certain membrane junctions. Especially important in tissue that needs to flex.

Front 118

transitional epithelium

Back 118

Can stretch and contract without damage. Found in lining of urinary bladders and ureters.

Front 119

tubuloacinar

Back 119

Referring to secretory units of exocrine glands that posses both tubular and acinar (or alveolar) parts.

Front 120

tubular gland

Back 120

Secretory unit of exocrine glands either containing or composed of tubules.

Front 121

unicellular exocrine gland

Back 121

Only known example is the goblet cell. Ductless exocrine gland that secretes mucus. Located in respiratory and intestinal tracts.

Front 122

visceral layer

Back 122

Layer of pleura or peritoneum that lies directly on the surface of organs in the thorax or abdomen.

Front 123

white adipose tissue

Back 123

White fat. Found commonly throughout the body.