Chapter 41

Front 1

The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the
following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?
A) fat in adipose tissue
B) glucose in the blood
C) protein in muscle cells
D) glycogen in muscle cells
E) calcium phosphate in bone

Back 1

protein in muscle cells

Front 2

An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its
energy as
A) proteins.
B) minerals.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) fats.

Back 2

fats

Front 3

Some nutrients are considered essential in the diets of certain animals because
A) only those animals use the nutrients.
B) they are subunits of important polymers.
C) they cannot be manufactured by the organism.
D) they are necessary coenzymes.
E) only some foods contain them.

Back 3

they cannot be manufactured by the organism

Front 4

Animals require certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as
nonessential would be best described as one that
A) can be made by the animal s body from other substances.
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C) must be ingested in the diet.
D) is less important than an essential amino acid.
E) is not found in many proteins.

Back 4

can be made by the animal s body from other substances

Front 5

Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use?
A) vitamin C curing rickets
B) vitamin A incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye
C) vitamin D calcium removal from bone
D) vitamin E protection of skin from cancer
E) vitamin K production of white blood cells

Back 5

vitamin A incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye

Front 6

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B12
C) vitamin C
D) iodine
E) calcium

Back 6

vitamin A

Front 7

Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals?

A) calciumconstruction and maintenance of bone

B) magnesiumcofactor in enzymes that make ATP

C) ironnecessary for thyroid function

D) sulfuringredient of nucleic acids

E) iodineimportant in nerve function

Back 7

calciumconstruction and maintenance of bone

Front 8

If the digestive systems of animals are to provide the energy needed for ATP and biosynthesis, which of the following diets would be most suitable?

A) a high protein, low carbohydrate diet

B) a diet low in lipids and high in protein

C) a low-calorie diet with large intake of fluids, especially water

D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species

E) a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals

Back 8

a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species

Front 9

Some of the vitamins and minerals in a supplement are found at less than 100%. Which is the most likely explanation?

A) It would be too expensive to add more.

B) These vitamins and minerals are easily obtained in other food sources.

C) It is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and calcium.

D) It is dangerous to overdose on vitamins such as A and K.

E) These supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods

Back 9

It is dangerous to overdose on vitamins such as A and K.

Front 10

After careful examination of the table, which of the following groups would you expect to benefit most from this supplement?

A) pregnant women

B) senior citizens

C) infants

D) the immunosuppressed

E) women of menstruating ages

Back 10

senior citizens

Front 11

Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why?

A) Folic acid supplies vitamins that pregnant women lose.

B) The folic acid stored by pregnant women is removed from their circulation.

C) The fetus makes high levels of folic acid.

D) Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.

E) Folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.

Back 11

D) Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.

Front 12

With which of the following is excessive iron absorption most likely to be associated?

A) blood loss due to severe injury

B) liver abnormality that results in decreased number of red blood cells

C) various forms of inherited or acquired anemia

D) genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis

E) menstruation and menopause

Back 12

D) genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis

Front 13

During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes have in common?

A) They are catalyzed by the same enzyme.

B) Both occur intracellularly in most organisms.

C) They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

D) Both require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.

E) Each requires ATP as an energy source

Back 13

C) They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

Front 14

To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place?

A) ingestion

B) digestion

C) hydrolysis

D) absorption

E) elimination

Back 14

D) absorption

Front 15

Intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process?

A) hydrolysis

B) endocytosis

C) absorption

D) elimination

E) secretion

Back 15

B) endocytosis

Front 16

Increasing the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes?

A) hydrolysis

B) absorption

C) elimination

D) A and B only

E) A, B, and C

Back 16

D) A and B only

Front 17

Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity?

A) Extracellular digestion is not needed.

B) Specialized regions are possible.

C) Digestive enzymes can be more specific.

D) Extensive branching is possible.

E) Intracellular digestion is easier.

Back 17

B) Specialized regions are possible.

Front 18

Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that first evolved in that phylum?

A) Molluscalarge intestine

B) Arthropodastomach

C) Annelidacomplete alimentary canal

D) Cnidariagastrovascular cavity

E) Chordataliver

Back 18

C) Annelidacomplete alimentary canal

Front 19

Foods eaten by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires the animals to have methods for which of the following?

A) elimination

B) dehydration synthesis

C) enzymatic hydrolysis

D) regurgitation

E) demineralization

Back 19

C) enzymatic hydrolysis

Front 20

Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?

A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine

B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation

C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel

D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration

E) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Back 20

E) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Front 21

After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is

A) protein.

B) carbohydrate.

C) cholesterol

D) nucleic acid.

E) glucose.

Back 21

B) carbohydrate

Front 22

What is the substrate of salivary amylase?

A) protein

B) starch

C) sucrose

D) glucose

E) maltose

Back 22

B) starch

Front 23

An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its energy as

Back 23

fats.

Front 24

Some nutrients are considered ʺessentialʺ in the diets of certain animals because

Back 24

they cannot be manufactured by the organism.

Front 25

Animals require certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential would be best described as one that

Back 25

can be made by the animalʹs body from other substances.

Front 26

Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use?

Back 26

vitamin A incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye

Front 27

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

Back 27

vitamin A

Front 28

Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals?

Back 28

calciumconstruction and maintenance of bone

Front 29

If the digestive systems of animals are to provide the energy needed for ATP and biosynthesis, which of the following diets would be most suitable?

Back 29

a diet that matches the ʺfood pyramidʺ for the species

Front 30

Some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100%. Which is the most likely explanation?

Back 30

It is dangerous to overdose on vitamins such as A and K.

Front 31

After careful examination of the table, which of the following groups would you expect to benefit most from this supplement?

Back 31

senior citizens

Front 32

Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why?

Back 32

Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.

Front 33

With which of the following is excessive iron absorption most likely to be associated?

Back 33

genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis

Front 34

During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes have in common?

Back 34

They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

Front 35

To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place?

Back 35

absorption

Front 36

Intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process?

Back 36

endocytosis

Front 37

Increasing the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes?

Back 37

hydrolysis and absorption

Front 38

Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity?

Back 38

Specialized regions are possible.

Front 39

Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that first evolved in that phylum

Back 39

Annelidacomplete alimentary canal

Front 40

Foods eaten by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires the animals to have methods for which of the following?

Back 40

enzymatic hydrolysis

Front 41

Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?

Back 41

smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Front 42

After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is

Back 42

carbohydrate.

Front 43

What is the substrate of salivary amylase?

Back 43

starch

Front 44

Which of the following statements is true of mammals?

Back 44

The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.

Front 45

What part(s) of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2?

Back 45

stomach

Front 46

Which of the following statements describes pepsin?

Back 46

It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.

Front 47

Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an individual?

Back 47

not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach

Front 48

Which of the following is true of bile salts?

Back 48

They emulsify fats in the duodenum.

Front 49

Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream are in which form?

Back 49

monomers

Front 50

Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum?

Back 50

pepsin

Front 51

Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced?

Back 51

9

Front 52

Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur?

Back 52

4 only

Front 53

Where does the digestion of fats mostly occur?

Back 53

4 only

Front 54

Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism?

Back 54

5

Front 55

How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates?

Back 55

Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

Front 56

Which of the following is a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood?

Back 56

fatty acid

Front 57

In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most?

Back 57

hepatic portal vessel

Front 58

Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely released initially as inactive precursors?

Back 58

protein-digesting enzymes

Front 59

Adult lampreys attach onto large fish and feed regularly on their body fluids. Given this continuous supply of food, which one of the following is most likely missing in lampreys?

Back 59

stomach

Front 60

Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that

Back 60

promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.

Front 61

Numerous adult humans are currently treated for reflux disorders. However, at an earlier time in medical history these same individuals probably would have been diagnosed with gastric ulcers. Which of the following has most contributed to correct diagnosis of this problem?

Back 61

ability to diagnose and treat H. pylori infection

Front 62

A hiatal hernia affects the function of the smooth muscle between the esophagus and the stomach. The hernia would be most likely to increase the frequency of which of the following?

Back 62

gastric reflux

Front 63

Bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following is among their greatest benefits to us?

Back 63

production of biotin and vitamin K

Front 64

The pH of the gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCl. Where does this formation of HCl occur?

Back 64

in the lumen of the stomach

Front 65

The pH of the stomach is low enough and the protease activity high enough that the cells of the stomach itself are at risk of self-digestion. This is prevented by which of the following?

Back 65

mucus secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

Front 66

In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for

Back 66

grinding.

Front 67

In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum?

Back 67

herbivores

Front 68

Which of the following are adaptations to a carnivorous diet?

Back 68

bile salts

Front 69

Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?

Back 69

They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Front 70

Physical anthropologists locating the jaw bones of previously unknown vertebrate animal fossils are often able to assess the animalʹs diet especially because of clues from which of the following?

Back 70

the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth

Front 71

In which of the following would you expect to find an enlarged cecum?

Back 71

rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears

Front 72

Coprophagy allows some animals to re-eat fecal material in order to recover more nutrients. In which of these animals would such behavior be displayed?

Back 72

rabbits and their relatives

Front 73

Microbial symbionts are especially important for nutritional support in which of the following?

Back 73

herbivores and omnivores

Front 74

Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have which of the following?

Back 74

mutation of ob or db

Front 75

Most obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety. Which might provide an answer to at least some human obesity if a means to do so is found?

Back 75

activation of receptors for leptin

Front 76

PKU (phenylketonuria) is a hereditary condition in which infants and young children cannot ingest any more than tiny amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine without serious neurological results. This damage can be prevented by a severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive treatment?

Back 76

essential nutrients

Front 77

Which of the following occurs when digestion of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by the animal?

Back 77

The excess is stored as glycogen.

Front 78

Which of the following hormone actions will occur when more energy is required by a human?

Back 78

Blood glucagon increases.

Front 79

When more energy sources are needed than are generated by diet, in which order does the animal draw on stored sources?

Back 79

liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat

Front 80

Obesity in humans is most likely to contribute to which of the following?

Back 80

ype II diabetes and cardiovascular disease