Chapter 42

Front 1

What would be expected if the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of the lungs were to
increase significantly?

Back 1

The amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would decrease.

Front 2

Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the bodyʹs cells are likely to have which of the following?

Back 2

a closed circulatory system

Front 3

In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Back 3

frog

Front 4

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?

Back 4

fishes

Front 5

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

Back 5

four-chambered heart.

Front 6

Diffusion rate is proportional to the square of the distance molecules/ions travel. Which of the following would therefore be preferable for a mid-size multicellular organism?

Back 6

a system to circulate gases, nutrients, and wastes to and from cells

Front 7

An anthropologist discovers fossilized animal remains that give strong evidence that the organism had a large, well-formed, most likely 4-chambered heart, with no connection between the right and left sides. Which of the following could most reasonably be hypothesized from this observation?

Back 7

that the animal had a high energy requirement and was endothermic

Front 8

Which of the following would be described as a portal system?

Back 8

vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds

Front 9

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart?

Back 9

two

Front 10

Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal?

Back 10

vena cava → right atrium → ventricle → pulmonary circuit

Front 11

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/min, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min. This personʹs cardiac output per minute will be

Back 11

2,800 mL.

Front 12

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

Back 12

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.

Front 13

If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, what would be the effect?

Back 13

Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time.

Front 14

A nonfunctional sinoatrial node would

Back 14

have little significant effect on stroke volume.

Front 15

Which of the following is measured by an electrocardiogram?

Back 15

the spread of impulses from the SA node

Front 16

The average resting stroke volume of the heart is 70 mL and it beats ~72 times per minute. This would result in which cardiac output?

Back 16

5 L/minute

Front 17

Where are semilunar valves to be found in the mammalian heart?

Back 17

at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae enter

Front 18

Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?

Back 18

The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles.

Front 19

Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)?

Back 19

venae cavae

Front 20

Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80?

Back 20

The systolic pressure is 130 and The diastolic pressure is 80.

Front 21

What is the reason that fluid is forced from the bloodstream to the surrounding tissues at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries?

Back 21

The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Front 22

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

Back 22

fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

Front 23

What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?

Back 23

Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas.

Front 24

A species has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg. What is the most probable hypothesis?

Back 24

The animal has a very long distance between heart and brain.

Front 25

Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave. What is the most likely explanation for this requirement?

Back 25

Even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure.

Front 26

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out. Which of the following does this cause?

Back 26

creation of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Front 27

Which of the following is/are a cause(s) of vasoconstriction?

Back 27

stress or hormone concentration

Front 28

A blood vessel has the following characteristics: outer layer of connective tissue, a thick layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibers, no valves. It is which of the following?

Back 28

an artery

Front 29

Which of the following is used to diagnose hypertension in adults?

Back 29

blood pressure of >140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic

Front 30

Human plasma proteins include which of the following?

Back 30

fibrinogen and immunoglobulin

Front 31

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins in humans?

Back 31

maintenance of blood osmotic pressure

Front 32

Cyanide acts as a mitochondrial poison by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. What will happen to human red blood cells if they are placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide?

Back 32

The cells will probably be unaffected.

Front 33

Which of these speed up heart rate?

Back 33

epinephrine

Front 34

Which of these stimulate the production of red blood cells?

Back 34

erythropoietin

Front 35

Which of these are involved in the early stages of blood clotting?

Back 35

platelets

Front 36

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot consists mostly of which protein?

Back 36

fibrin

Front 37

Which of the following is a normal event in the process of blood clotting?

Back 37

activation of prothrombin to thrombin

Front 38

Which of the following is predicted in someone who smokes and whose diet includes significant trans fats?

Back 38

increased blood vessel inflammation

Front 39

Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common?

Back 39

The exchange surfaces are moist.

Front 40

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs?

Back 40

Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

Front 41

Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange?

Back 41

the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills

Front 42

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize which of the following?

Back 42

diffusion

Front 43

Where do air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange?

Back 43

across the membranes of cells

Front 44

An oil-water mixture is used as a spray against mosquitoes. How might this spray also affect gas exchange in other insects?

Back 44

The oil might block the openings into the tracheal system.

Front 45

A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that to keep the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in lung cancer in the animals. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly) they knew that a more likely outcome would be which of the following?

Back 45

skin cancer

Front 46

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure. This most probably relates to which of the following?

Back 46

inadequate production of surfactant

Front 47

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Back 47

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

Front 48

Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs?

Back 48

The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

Front 49

Which of the following lung volumes would be different in a person at rest compared with when the person exercises?

Back 49

tidal volume

Front 50

Tidal volume in respiration is analogous to what measurement in cardiac physiology?

Back 50

stroke volume

Front 51

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of

Back 51

5,000 mL.

Front 52

Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system?

Back 52

The bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air.

Front 53

The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate?

Back 53

carbon dioxide

Front 54

Breathing is usually regulated by

Back 54

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.

Front 55

57) At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg, what is the contribution of oxygen?

Back 55

182 mm Hg

Front 56

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere. What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen?

Back 56

160.0 mm Hg

Front 57

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude?

Back 57

80 mm Hg

Front 58

Which of the following is a characteristic of both hemoglobin and hemocyanin?

Back 58

transports oxygen

Front 59

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Back 59

How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans?

Front 60

Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with

Back 60

hemoglobin.

Front 61

How does the hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals?

Back 61

Hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.

Front 62

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, which of the following would you expect?

Back 62

a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size

Front 63

Emphysema is a disease, frequently caused by smoking, that results in loss of the elastic elements of lung tissue. The effect will be more like which of the following?

Back 63

an increase in airway resistance

Front 64

What would be expected if the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of the lungs were to
increase significantly?

Back 64

The amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would decrease.

Front 65

Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the bodyʹs cells are likely to have which of the following?

Back 65

a closed circulatory system

Front 66

In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Back 66

frog

Front 67

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?

Back 67

fishes

Front 68

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

Back 68

four-chambered heart.

Front 69

Diffusion rate is proportional to the square of the distance molecules/ions travel. Which of the following would therefore be preferable for a mid-size multicellular organism?

Back 69

a system to circulate gases, nutrients, and wastes to and from cells

Front 70

An anthropologist discovers fossilized animal remains that give strong evidence that the organism had a large, well-formed, most likely 4-chambered heart, with no connection between the right and left sides. Which of the following could most reasonably be hypothesized from this observation?

Back 70

that the animal had a high energy requirement and was endothermic

Front 71

Which of the following would be described as a portal system?

Back 71

vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds

Front 72

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart?

Back 72

two

Front 73

Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal?

Back 73

vena cava → right atrium → ventricle → pulmonary circuit

Front 74

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/min, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min. This personʹs cardiac output per minute will be

Back 74

2,800 mL.

Front 75

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

Back 75

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.

Front 76

If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, what would be the effect?

Back 76

Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time.

Front 77

A nonfunctional sinoatrial node would

Back 77

have little significant effect on stroke volume.

Front 78

Which of the following is measured by an electrocardiogram?

Back 78

the spread of impulses from the SA node

Front 79

The average resting stroke volume of the heart is 70 mL and it beats ~72 times per minute. This would result in which cardiac output?

Back 79

5 L/minute

Front 80

Where are semilunar valves to be found in the mammalian heart?

Back 80

at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae enter

Front 81

Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?

Back 81

The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles.

Front 82

Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)?

Back 82

venae cavae

Front 83

Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80?

Back 83

The systolic pressure is 130 and The diastolic pressure is 80.

Front 84

What is the reason that fluid is forced from the bloodstream to the surrounding tissues at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries?

Back 84

The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Front 85

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

Back 85

fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

Front 86

What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?

Back 86

Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas.

Front 87

A species has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg. What is the most probable hypothesis?

Back 87

The animal has a very long distance between heart and brain.

Front 88

Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave. What is the most likely explanation for this requirement?

Back 88

Even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure.

Front 89

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out. Which of the following does this cause?

Back 89

creation of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Front 90

Which of the following is/are a cause(s) of vasoconstriction?

Back 90

stress or hormone concentration

Front 91

A blood vessel has the following characteristics: outer layer of connective tissue, a thick layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibers, no valves. It is which of the following?

Back 91

an artery

Front 92

Which of the following is used to diagnose hypertension in adults?

Back 92

blood pressure of >140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic

Front 93

Human plasma proteins include which of the following?

Back 93

fibrinogen and immunoglobulin

Front 94

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins in humans?

Back 94

maintenance of blood osmotic pressure

Front 95

Cyanide acts as a mitochondrial poison by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. What will happen to human red blood cells if they are placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide?

Back 95

The cells will probably be unaffected.

Front 96

Which of these speed up heart rate?

Back 96

epinephrine

Front 97

Which of these stimulate the production of red blood cells?

Back 97

erythropoietin

Front 98

Which of these are involved in the early stages of blood clotting?

Back 98

platelets

Front 99

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot consists mostly of which protein?

Back 99

fibrin

Front 100

Which of the following is a normal event in the process of blood clotting?

Back 100

activation of prothrombin to thrombin

Front 101

Which of the following is predicted in someone who smokes and whose diet includes significant trans fats?

Back 101

increased blood vessel inflammation

Front 102

Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common?

Back 102

The exchange surfaces are moist.

Front 103

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs?

Back 103

Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

Front 104

Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange?

Back 104

the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills

Front 105

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize which of the following?

Back 105

diffusion

Front 106

Where do air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange?

Back 106

across the membranes of cells

Front 107

An oil-water mixture is used as a spray against mosquitoes. How might this spray also affect gas exchange in other insects?

Back 107

The oil might block the openings into the tracheal system.

Front 108

A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that to keep the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in lung cancer in the animals. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly) they knew that a more likely outcome would be which of the following?

Back 108

skin cancer

Front 109

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure. This most probably relates to which of the following?

Back 109

inadequate production of surfactant

Front 110

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Back 110

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

Front 111

Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs?

Back 111

The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

Front 112

Which of the following lung volumes would be different in a person at rest compared with when the person exercises?

Back 112

tidal volume

Front 113

Tidal volume in respiration is analogous to what measurement in cardiac physiology?

Back 113

stroke volume

Front 114

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of

Back 114

5,000 mL.

Front 115

Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system?

Back 115

The bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air.

Front 116

The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate?

Back 116

carbon dioxide

Front 117

Breathing is usually regulated by

Back 117

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.

Front 118

57) At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg, what is the contribution of oxygen?

Back 118

182 mm Hg

Front 119

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere. What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen?

Back 119

160.0 mm Hg

Front 120

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude?

Back 120

80 mm Hg

Front 121

Which of the following is a characteristic of both hemoglobin and hemocyanin?

Back 121

transports oxygen

Front 122

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Back 122

How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans?

Front 123

Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with

Back 123

hemoglobin.

Front 124

How does the hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals?

Back 124

Hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.

Front 125

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, which of the following would you expect?

Back 125

a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size

Front 126

Emphysema is a disease, frequently caused by smoking, that results in loss of the elastic elements of lung tissue. The effect will be more like which of the following?

Back 126

an increase in airway resistance