Chapter 4 Key Terms

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Robert Walpole

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Who: British statesman, who is supposed to be the first Prime minister of Great Britain. Possessed influence within the Cabinet.
Where: Great Britain
When: 1676-1745
Sig: 1st prime minister of Great Britain. Leader of the Cabinet.

Hint 1

Who, What, When, Where, How, and significance.

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Privy Council

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What: Advises the head of state of a nation. Committee of the monarch;s closest advisors to advice him on state's affairs.
Where: Great Britain
When:
Sig: Gave advice copncerning the exercise of executive authority but not of a monarchic government.

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Benjamin Franklin

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Who: Founding fathers of the Unites States. Leading author and printer, postmaster, scientist, inventor, etc.
Where: The Unites States.
When: 1706-1790
Sig: Important figure of the American Enlightment. Considered "The First American".

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New France

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What: Area colonized by France of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier. Then, divided into five colonies.
When: 1534 and 1763
Where: From Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains. From Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
Sig:

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Paltry Wages

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Lacking in importance or worth. Wretched or contemptible.

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Albany Plan

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What: Attempt at forming a union of the colonies under one government. Proposed by Benjamin Franklin.
Where:
When: 1754
Sig: was a plan of union was one of the several put forth by various delegates of the Albany Congress.

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French Indian War

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What: War between Great Britain and France in North America. Also known as the Seven Years' War.
Where: Virginia, Nova Scotia, and Pennsylvania.
When: 1754-1763
Sig: world-wide conflict, fought along the frontiers between British colonies.

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Louis XIV

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Who: Known as the Sun King. King of France. Continued with a centralized states governed from the capital and tried to eliminate feudalism.
Where: France
When: 1638-1715
Sig: His reign is the longest documented reign of any European monarch

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Missionary Zeal

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What: European migration to the esatern seaboard of the Unites States that helped to bring the religion to the new territories.
Where: North American colonies.
When: 19th century
Sig: enriched union as well as the Anabaptist concepts of community and brotherhood.

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Louis Joliet

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Who: Born in near Quebec. He was a French Canadian explorer in North American territories.
Where: Mississippi River, Quebec and France.
When: 1645-1700
Sig: One of the first Europeans to explore and map the Mississippi River.

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Father Jacques Marquette

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Who: Known as Pere Marquette. Was a French Jesuit missionary. Born in Laon, France.
Where: Michigan territories.
When: 1637-1675
Sig: He founded Michigan's the first European settlement and then founded St. Ignace, Michigan. Fist to see and map the Mississippi River.

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Rene Robert Cavalier

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Who: French explorer. Explored the Great Lakes region of the Unites States and Canada. Also, known as Robert de LaSalle.
Where: Great Lakes area and Canada.
When: 1643-1687
Sig: He claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France.

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The Iroquois Confederacy

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What: Also known as the Iroquois League. A association of sevral tribes of indigenous people of North America. Composed by the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca.
Where: Upstate New York, Canada and Northern United States.
When: 16th century.
Sig: Decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization.

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King Williams War

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What: First of the French and Indian Wars. Named after the used in the English colonies in America. War between England, France and the American Indian allies repectively.

Where: In the colonies of Canada (New France), Acadia and New England.

When: 1689-1697

Sig: First of the French and Indian Wars.

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Fort Necessity

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What: (Fort Necessity National Battlefield) Early battle of the French and Indian War.
Where: Fayette County, Pennsylvania.
When: July 3, 1754.
Sig: Early battle of the French and Indian War.

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William Pitt

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Who: British politician of the 18th century who became the youngest Prime Minister. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Where: Great Britain
When: May 1759 - January 1806
Sig: Opposed to the development of a strict partisan political system.

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Siege of Quebec

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What: English fleet bearing over nine thousand men sailed into the Quebec City. Attempted to take the capital of New France.
Where: Quebec City to Montmorency River.
When: September 1759
Sig: One of the most important engagement of the French and Indian War.

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Peace of Paris 1763

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What: Treaty signed by Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. It ended the French and Indian War.
Where: Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal.
When: February 1763
Sig: Marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside Europe.

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Proclamation of 1763

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What: Royal Proclamation of 1763 issued by King George III to acquisite the French territory in North America after the French and Indian War.
Where: Canada and North American colonies.
When: October 1763
Sig: Organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through trade and settlement.

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Greenville Ministry

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dont know

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Sugar Act

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What: (Revenue Act of the American Duties Act) revenues-raising act passed by the British government. It raised the revenue and taxed the colonies.
Where: On the colonies of British America.
When: April 1764
Sig: Helped the growing movement that later become the American Revolution and increased the colonists' concerns.

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Currency Act

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What: Several acts of the Parliament of Great Britain with the purpose to regulate paper money issued by the colonies of British America.
Where: British colonies of North America.
When: 1751-1764
Sig: Created tension between the colonies and Britain and also it was cited as a grievance by the colonists in the American Revolution.

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Paxton Boys

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Who: They were a vigilante group that killed 20 Native Americans at what is called the Conestoga Massacre. Scot-Irish frontiersmen from central Pennsylvania.
Where: Paxton Township along the Susquehanna River. Also in colonial Pennsylvania.
When: 17th century
Sig: Formed in response to fear an hatred of the American Indian that caused largely by the French and Indian War.

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Regulatory Movement

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What: (Also known as the War of the Regulation). It was a North American uprising in which citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. Caused from a drastic population increase.
Where: North Carolina.
When: From 1764-1771.
Sig: Considered as a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.

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Stamp Act

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What: (Duties in American Colonies Act) It was a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies. It required that many printed materials in the colonies be made of stamped paper such as magazines, newspapers and legal documents.
Where: On the colonies of British America.
When: 1765
Sig: Helped to increase the colonial resentment toward England and colonists considered it a violation of their rights.

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Virginia Resolves

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What: Series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act. Claimed the only ones allow to raise taxes in Virginia.
Where: Colonial Virginia.
When: Late 17th century.
Sig: Attempted to claim that Virginia was subject to taxation only by the parliamentary assembly of Virginia.

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Sons of Liberty

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Who: Underground organization. Political group composed by the American Patriots that were in pre-independence North American colonies.
Where: North American colonies.
When: 1760s
Sig: Cause change in the British government's treatment of the colonies. Attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority.

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The Tory's

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What: Traditional political philosophy from the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
Where: British empire territories.
When: 18th century.
Sig: Had exponents in former parts of the British Empire like the Loyalists of British America who supported Britain during the Revolutionary War.

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Munity Act

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What: Act passed by the British Parliament for governing the British Army.
Where: The colonies.
When: 1689
Sig: Created in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army who supported the Stuarts upon William III.

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Quartering Act

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What: Act passed by the British government to force the American colonies to provide shelter and supplies for the British soldiers.
Where: In the colonies
When: 18th century.
Sig: Became a source of tension between the colonists and the British government. Increased colonial resentment toward England's tyranny.

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Townshend Act

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What: Act passed by the British Parliament with the purpose to raise revenue in the colonies to pay for the salaries of governors and judges and to establish the precedent that the British government had the right to tax the colonies.
Where: British colonies
When: 1767
Sig: Considered by the colonies as an attempt to tax them without their consent. Colonists tried to refuse it and their resentment increased.

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Navigation Act

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What: Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and the colonies.
Where: Great Britain and America.
When: 1660s
Sig:The Navigation Acts were the basis for the British overseas trade for almost 200 years. Helped cause the American Revolutionary War.

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Boston Massacre

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What: An event were 5 civilians were mudered by the British soldiers in Boston. Troops fired after being attacked by a rebellious crowd. They injured eleven civilians.
Where: Boston, Massachusetts.
When: March 5, 1770,
Sig: Helped spark the rebellion that later will become the American Revolutionary War.

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Sanuel Adams

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Who: One of the founding fathers of the Unites States. Also, he was a statemen and political philosopher. Born in Boston he opposed the British Parliament's attempts to tax the colonies.
Where: Boston, Massachussetts.
When: Semptember 1722- October 1803
Sig: He was the leader of the American Revolution and was a very important figure in the development of the principles of the American Republicanism,

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Loyalists

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Who: Group of American colonists who remain loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. Also, known as the Tories, Royalists or King's Men. However, at the end of the war they were defeated.
Where: East Ontario, New Brunswick, British West Indies.
When: 18th century.
Sig: They remained loyal to the British crown and opposed the separation of the colonies from the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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Patriots

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What: They were also known as American Whigs, revolutionaries, Rebels and Congress-Men) They were colonists of the British colonies who rebelled against British rule during the American Revolution. Believed on the political philosphy of republicanism.
Where: British Thirteen United Colonies.
When: 1770s
Sig: Their leading figures declared the United States of America as an independent country from Great Britain. Their slogan was "no taxation without representation".

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Gaspee Incident

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What: Event where a British revenue ship was attacked and burned by American colonists.
Where: Gaspee Point in Warwick, Rhode Island.
When: June 9, 1772
Sig: It was a lead-up to the American Revolution. It demostrated the American patriots' defiance toward the British government.

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Tea Act

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What: Act passed by the British Parliament with the purpose of expanding the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade to the British colonies. It sold excess tea at a reduced price.
Where: From Great Britain to the British colonies in America.
When: May 1773.
Sig: Was a leading cause to the Boston Tea Party. Colonists opposed it and considered a form of taxation without their consent.

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Daughters of Liberty

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Who: Gruop of Colonial American patriotic women who boycotted British goods after the Townshend Act was passed. Made America less dependent of British textiles. Also, opposed the Tea Act. Some of them were Abigail Adams and Sarah Franklin Bache.
Where: In the thirteeen colonies.
When: 18th century
Sig: Continued to support American resistance during the war and they helped end the Stamp Act.

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Boston Tea Party

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What: Colonists boarded three shiploads of taxed tea and destroyed the tea by throwing it off to the Boston Harbor. It was a response to the Tea Act.
Where: Boston Massachusetts. (Boston Harbor)
When: December 1773.
Sig: Important event for the American Revolution. Colonists's efforts to end up Great Britain's tyranny over the colonies. However, Coercive Acts were passed after the Boston Tea Party.

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Coercive Acts

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Properly known as the Restraining Acts, the Coercive Acts, as they were popularly known in England, were introduced in 1774 by the new government of Lord North, who acted with the direct encouragement of George III. Several voices of caution had been raised in Parliament, particularly those of Edmund Burke and Lord Chatham, who feared that stern measures were charting a course no one really wanted to follow; their advice, however, was not heeded.
This legislation's purpose was to restore order in Massachusetts, following the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance.
The Intolerable Acts, as they were known in America, included the following: Boston Port Act (June 1, 1774)
Quartering Act (June 2, 1774)
Administration of Justice Act (May 20, 1774)
Massachusetts Government Act (May 20, 1774)

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First Continental Congress

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In 1774, the colonies held the First Continental Congress. Representatives from each colony, except Georgia, met in Philadelphia. The royal governor in Georgia succeeded in blocking delegates from being sent to the congress.
The representatives gathered to discuss their response to the British "Intolerable Acts." They met to discuss their relationship with Britain, and how to assert their rights with the British government. They wanted to appear as united colonies in their reply to Britain. The purpose of the First Continental Congress was not to seek independence from Britain.
First Continental Congress meeting
(Source: Library of Congress)The congress had three objectives: to compose a statement of colonial rights, to identify British parliaments violation of those rights, and to provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore those rights.
The members agreed to boycott British goods and passed resolutions asserting colonial rights. They also agreed to meet again in May 1775, if the British did not change their policies.
In retaliation, the King and Lord North of England decided to punish and weaken the colonies. They blocked colony access to the North Atlantic fishing area.

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John Adams

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Born: October 30, 1735
Birthplace: Braintree, Mass.
Education: Graduate of Harvard. (Lawyer)
Work: Admitted to Massachusetts Bar, 1761; Elected to Massachusetts Assembly, 1770; Attended First Continental Congress, 1774-'76; Signed Declaration of Independence, 1776; Appointed Diplomat to France, 1776-'79; Member of assembly to form State Constitution of Massachusetts, Minister plenipotentiary in Europe, 1780, '81; Party to the Treaty of Peace with Gr. Britain, 1783; U.S. Minister to the British court, c. 1783- '88; Elected first Vice President, 1789; President, 1796.
Died: July 4, 1826

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Battle of Lexington and Concord

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The first shots starting the revolution were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts. On April 18, 1775, British General Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had stored in the town of Concord, just outside of Boston. They also planned to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, two of the key leaders of the patriot movement.

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General Thomas Gage

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Thomas Gage, b. 1719 or 1720, d. Apr. 2, 1787, was a British general and colonial governor in America. His aggressive actions against the colonists contributed to the American Revolution. In 1774 he became governor of Massachusetts, where he attempted to quell agitation and enforce the Intolerable Acts. It was Gage who ordered the troops to Lexington and Concord in April 1775. After the Battle of Bunker Hill, he was recalled to England

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Paul Revere

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An American patriot and silversmith, Paul Revere was born in Boston, Jan. 1, 1735, and died May 10, 1818. Revere became a legendary hero at the start of the American Revolution, when he rode from Charlestown to Lexington, Mass., on the night of Apr. 18, 1775, to warn the countryside of approaching British troops.

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John Dickinson Letters to a farmer

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John Dickinson (November 8, 1732 – February 14, 1808) was an American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware. He was a militia officer during the American Revolution, a Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania and Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, President of Delaware and President of Pennsylvania. Among the wealthiest men in the British American colonies, he is known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania; upon receiving news of his death, President Thomas Jefferson recognized him as being "among the first of the advocates for the rights of his country when assailed by Great Britain" whose "name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution."[1] He is the namesake of Dickinson College.

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The Massachusetts Circular

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Drafted by Samuel Adams, this letter was sent on 11 February 1768 by the Mass, assembly to the other colonial legislatures. The letter denounced the Townshend Revenue Act as unconstitutional and requested the other assemblies to take formal, but legal, actions in protest. The letter had little effect until the British ministry's Hillsborough Circular Letter denounced it and demanded that Mass, rescind it. The Mass. Letter was then widely approved by other legislatures. On 30 June 1768, the Mass, assembly voted not to withdraw the letter (92–17) and was dissolved the next day. The controversy over the Mass. Letter was critical in uniting colonial leaders against the Townshend taxes. ...