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98 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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How we learn society's expectations -people absorb their culture: customs, habits, laws, practices, and means of expression. |
socialization |
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in our given _________, we take on the expectations of others. |
roles |
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a person'ts relatively consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, predispositions and beliefs. |
personality |
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how one defines oneself |
identity |
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how one is socialized differs depending on factors such as: |
age race gender class personality |
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how groups and individuals are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations. |
social control |
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conformity to social expectations ______ _____ eliminate individuality. We are all unique to some degree. |
DOES NOT |
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Uniqueness arises from: |
- different experiences - different patterns of socialization - the choices we make - the imperfect ways we learn our roles - resistance to some of society's expectations |
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- establishes self-concepts - creates the capacity for role-taking -creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways - makes people bearers of culture |
socialization |
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people, or sources or, structures that pass on social expectations. |
socialization agents |
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Anderson's six major agents of socialization |
family mass media peers religion sports schools |
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those with whom we interact on equal terms |
peers |
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conducted study of sports and masculine identity - developing relationships with other males -what do sports teach title IX and contradictory image of female athletes |
Messner |
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created psychoanalytic theory |
Sigmund Freud |
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Theory that divides human psyche into three parts: The ID, Superego, and Ego |
Psychoanalytic Theory |
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part of human psyche - deep drives and impulses |
The ID |
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part of human psyche - internalized cultural values and norms (conscience) |
The Superego |
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part of human psyche -the seat of reason and common sense |
The ego |
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interprets human identity as being fixed at a relatively early age |
psychoanalytic perspective |
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Theory where the formation of identity is learned response to external social stimuli |
Social learning theory |
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theory that states socialization integrates people into society |
functionalist Theory |
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focuse on the role of power and coercion in society |
conflict theorists |
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argues people learn identities and values through socialization |
symbolic interaction |
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what we imagine we are |
self |
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two influential symbolic interaction theorists from the Chicago School |
Cooley and Mead |
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proposed the looking glass self |
Charles Horton Cooley |
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a person's self conception arises through considering his/her relationships to others -how we think we appear to others - how we think others judge us - how the first two make us feel |
looking glass self |
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said social roles are the basis of all social interaction - came up with taking the role of the other |
George Herbert Mead |
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the process of putting oneself into the point of view of another |
taking the role of another |
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Stages of Mead's Identity Development |
Imitation Stage Play stage Game Stage |
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First stage of Mead's Identity Development - children mimic behavior of those around them without much understanding of the social meaning of the behavior |
Imitation Stage |
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Second stage of Mead's Identity Development - Children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment |
Play Stage |
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Third stage of Mead's Identity Development - The child takes on multiple roles that are organized in a complex system and the child develops a comprehensive view of the self |
Game Stage |
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During this stage, children acquire a concept of the generalized other |
Game Stage |
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an understanding of the abstract composite of social roles and expectations |
The Generalized Other |
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two dimension of the self |
I and Me |
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One of the dimensions of the self -the unique part of the individual personality, the active, creative part |
I |
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One of the dimensions of the self - the passive, conforming part that reacts to others |
Me |
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ceremonies marking the transition from one role set to another |
Rite of Passage |
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how existing social roles are radically altered or replaced |
Resocialization |
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Resocialization most commonly occurs in: |
Military Organizations Religious Organizations Correctional Facilities Fraternal/Sororal societies |
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Extreme form of resocialization - forced indoctrination into a new set of attitudes and beliefs imposed against one's will |
Brainwashing |
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Identifying with captor |
Stockholm syndrome |
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a total adaptation of a new identity |
conversion |
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a system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization |
Human society |
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"society is greater than the sum of it's parts" - seeing not only individual parts, but how they relate to each other and the whole |
Durkheim |
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used when examining large, complex, and highly differentiated patterns of social interaction |
Macroanalysis |
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the study of smaller, less complex, and less differentiated interactions |
Microanalysis |
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the order established in social groups at every level of interaction - a predictable pattern |
Social Organization |
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an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose - can be examined from both micro and macro levels of analysis |
Social institution |
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9 major institutions of industrial societies |
family education work and the economy political institution (or state) religion health care mass media organized sports military |
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Functions of all social institutions |
socialization of new members production and distribution of goods and services replacement of society's members maintenance of stability and existance providing members a sense of purpose |
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organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society |
social structures |
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looks at patterns in social life that reflects and produces social behavior |
Structural analysis |
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birdcage metaphor |
Marilyn Frye |
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believed that people in society had a collective consciousness |
Emile Durkheim |
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a body of beliefs common to a community or society that give people a sense of belonging and a feeling of moral obligation to its demands and values |
Collective consciousness |
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Two types of societies based on their social solidarity according to Durkheim |
Mechanical solidarity Organic Solidarity |
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members play similar roles within the society, share the same values, and hold the same thins sacred |
Mechanical solidarity |
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people have many different roles and roles are highly differentiated. Distinct division of labor |
Organic solidarity |
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social cohesiveness or solidarity based on loyalties, attachments |
Tonnies |
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communities that have "we" feeling, strong family relationships and personal ties, very moderate division of labor and simple social institutions. |
Gemeinschaft |
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societies with fewer personal ties and lessened sense of personal loyalty. These societies have an elaborated division of labor - cohesiveness based on instrumental ties people have to one another |
Gesellschaft |
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Types of societies |
Preindustrial industrial postindustrial |
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a collection of individuals who: - interact and communicate with each other - share goals and norms - have a subjective awareness of themselves as a distinct social unit |
group |
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a distinct social unit that may engage in a common behavior, but lacks interaction and sense of "we" |
audience |
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an established position in a social structure that carries a degree of prestige |
status |
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combination of statuses |
status set |
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statuses carry differing amounts of prestige |
status inconsistency |
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the result of individual effort |
achieved status |
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status given at birth |
ascribed status |
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the person's dominant status |
master status |
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expected behavior associated with a particular status; what you are expected to do in that status |
role |
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imitating or copying the way someone else in that role behaves |
role modeling |
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all the roles occupied by the person at a given time |
role sets |
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when two or more roles impose conflicting expectations |
role conflict |
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conflicting expectations within a single role |
role strain |
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the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself.
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cultural relativity |
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personal space |
proximic communication |
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_____% of our times is spent with other people |
75 |
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people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them/ exposed to them more often
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exposure effect |
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beauty is a ________ |
social construct |
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Theories on analyzing social interaction |
The social construction of reality ethnomethodology impression management and dramaturgy social exchange theory |
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our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning we assign to an experience |
The social construction of reality |
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a theory of sociology which was formulated in 1928 “ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. ” In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. |
Thomas Theorem |
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study norms by violating them to reveal the people's standards. See how people react to disruption and what they did to restore the normative order |
ethnomethodoloty |
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how one watches and manipulates another's behavior and adjusts theirs to the other's expectations. - people present themselves differently in different situations and around different people |
Impression management |
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likened impression management to a con game called it the dramaturgical approach and compared it to a stage play |
Goffman |
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the idea that people's day-to-day lives can be understood as resembling performers in action on a theater stage.
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dramaturgical approach |
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our interactions are determined by the rewards/punishments we receive from others |
social exchange model |
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virtual interaction - communication via chat rooms, computer bulletin boards or email |
cyberspace interaction |
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Types of Preindustrial Societies |
Foraging Pastoral Horticultural Agricultural |
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economic sustenance dependent on hunting and foraging - gender is important basis for social organization, although division of labor is not rigid; little accumulation of wealth |
Foraging Societies |
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Nomadic societies, with substantial dependence on domesticated animals for economic production - complex social system with an elite upper class and greater gender role differentiation than in foraging societies |
Pastoral Societies |
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Society marked by relatively permanent settlement and production of domesticated crops - Accumulation of wealth and elaboration of division of labor,with different occupational roles (farmers, traders, craftspeople and so one) |
Horticultural societies |
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Livelihood dependent on elaborate and large-scale patterns of agriculture and increased use of technology in agricultural production -Caste system develops that differentiates the elite and agricultural laborers; may include system of slavery |
Agricultural Societies |
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Economic system based on the development of elaborate machinery and a factory system; economy based on cash and wages - highly differentiated labor force with a complex division of labor and large formal organizations |
Industrial Societies |
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Information-based societies in which technology plays a vital role in social organization -Education increasingly important to the division of labor |
Postindustrial Societies |
