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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as "we" |
Group |
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Sociologists study groups from both macro and micro levels. They differentiate between groups based on: |
- size - closeness of members - duration the group stays together -purpose - organizational structure |
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a type of collective group, yet the people in the group do not necessarily know each other |
categories |
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truck drivers, teens, people over 75 years old, college freshmen, are all examples of: |
categories |
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a two person group |
dyad |
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three person group |
triad |
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discovered group size effect: he observed how group size influences the behavior of participants |
George Simmel |
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Tension builds when a third person is introduced to a two people group, and the group then splinters into 2 +1. This is called |
Triadic Segregation |
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The odd man out in a group of 3 in which triadic segregation occurs |
isolate |
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The group of two within a group of three in which triadic segregation occurs |
coalition |
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Introduced concept of primary group |
Charles Horton Cooley |
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group that consists of: - intimate, face - to - face interaction - relatively long - lasting relationships - serve members emotional needs - have powerful influence on their members - affect individual's personality and identity |
Primary Group |
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Group that consists of: - larger in size - less intimate - less long lasting in duration - less significant to members emotions and lives - serve instrumental needs |
Secondary Group |
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groups that provide standards for evaluating your values, attitudes, and behaviors - you may or may not belong to this group - like generalized role model - Strongly influence one's aspirations, self-evaluation, and self-esteem - Examples include: major league sports teams, popular bands and/or classical musicians and super models. |
Reference groups |
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studied in-group and out-group effects |
W.I. Thomas |
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social groups to which you belong. It provides a sense of identity as "us". They are assigned positive traits and excused for negative behavior |
In-Group |
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social groups that are opposite(complimentary) and are referred to as "them"; you are not a member of that group. They are assigned stereotypes and expected to have negative behaviors |
Out-Group |
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occurs when errors are made by attributing causes for people's behavior to their membership in particular groups - becomes basis for racism, sexism, ageism |
Attribution error |
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links between individuals, groups or other social units |
social networks |
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smaller in number but greater density, close knit |
small world problem |
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The gulf between what people think they will do and what they actually do |
Not-me syndrome |
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experimented with group conformity |
Solomon Ash |
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An actor who participates in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher (also known as a "stooge").
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Confederate |
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Name of the study where people were asked to shock others |
Milgram's Obedience Study |
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To what extent would one obey an authority figure in Milgram's Obedience Study? |
65% went to what they believed was maximum voltage of 450 volts |
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group decision making associated with unintended and disastrous consequences |
Group Think |
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Coined Groupthink |
Irving Janis |
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when people in a group are more likely to make a risky decisions than if they are alone |
Risky Shift |
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doing together what we would not do alone
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Deindividualism |
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-large secondary group - highly organized to do a complex task -achieves goals efficiently -activities are regulated/defined in advance -conformity is expected/formally enforced examples: schools, churches, political parties, and governments |
Formal Organization |
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________ organizations are - voluntary - participants share the like values and moral standards - the group activities are worthwhile examples: PTA, choirs, civic clubs, monasteries |
Normative |
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________ organizations are -total institutions - membership is largely involuntary examples: Prisons and detention centers |
Coercive |
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_______ groups are - large organizations - either for profit or nonprofit - members join for specific purposes, such as monetary reward |
Utilitarian |
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behavior that violates the expected roles and norms |
deviance |
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Characteristics of deviant behavior |
- it occurs in a social context and is not just individual behavior - it is culturally relative - The social rules are created or constructed; not just morally decided upon or enforced - lies not just in the behavior itself, but in the response or reaction of groups to the behavior |
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behavior that breaks laws or official rules |
Formal Deviance |
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behavior that violates customary norms |
Informal Deviance |
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when studying deviance we examine: |
-why people violate laws or norms -how society reacts (labeling theory) |
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the theory of how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping.
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Labeling Theory |
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Theories of deviance |
Functionalism Conflict Symbolic Interaction |
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focus on how the behavior and audience's reactions contribute to the stability of society - even dysfunctional behavior helps to reinforce stability |
Functionalism |
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Three types of suicide according to Durkheim |
Anomic, Altruistic, Egoistic |
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This type of suicide is committed by people when the disintegrating forces in the society makes the individual feel lost or alone. |
Anomic |
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exists in society when normal social regulations or when normal everyday life is disrupted and people live in a state of normlessness |
Anomie |
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Type of suicide committed when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social force *Do it for a cause |
Altruistic |
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Type of suicide that occurs when people feel totally detached from society Example: elderly in the US |
Egoistic |
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Functionalist who Developed Strain Theory |
Robert Merton |
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Strain Theory holds that each society has a dominant set of values and goals along with acceptable means of achieving them. Not everyone is able to realize these goals. The gap between approved goals and the means people have to achieve them creates what Merton terms _________________
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Social Strain |
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__________________ holds that each society has a dominant set of values and goals along with acceptable means of achieving them. Not everyone is able to realize these goals.
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Strain Theory |
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Four types of deviant behavior as classified by Merton |
-Innovation -Retreatism -Ritualism -Rebellion |
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involves the acceptance of the goals of a culture but the rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means of attaining those goals. For example, a member of the Mafia values wealth but employs alternative means of attaining his wealth; in this example, the Mafia member's means would be deviant.Source: Boundless. “Strain Theory: How Social Values Produce Deviance.” Boundless Sociology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 27 Jul. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-functionalist-perspective-on-deviance-62/strain-theory-how-social-values-produce-deviance-375-6183/ |
Innovation |
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Occurs when neither the goal nor mean are available |
Retreatism |
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Occurs when the goal is unrealistic and means is available |
Ritualism |
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Occurs when both new goals (+/-) and new means substitute traditional ones |
Rebellion |
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examines the culture's value systems and people's attachment or lack thereof to the culture's values - this theory suggests that most people likely feel some impulse toward deviance at times, but attachment to social norms prevent them from acting on it |
Social Control Theory |
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Critics of the functionalist perspective argue that it does not explain: |
- how norms of deviance are first established - why certain behavior is viewed as adding to society's stability - who determines social norms -on whom such judgments are most likely to be imposed |
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This perspective argues that economic structure of capitalism produces deviance and crime |
Conflict Perspective |
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Weakness of Conflict approach to deviance |
less effective in explaining forms of deviance not associated with wealth or poverty, such as routine deviance of middle-class adolescents |
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According to Sutherland, people become criminals when they are more strongly socialized to break the law than to obey it. One's primary group associations and interactions hold great influence over one's actions |
Differential Association |
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Coined labeling Theory |
W.I. Thomas |
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the assignment or attachment of a deviant identity to a person by others, including by agents of social institutions |
Label |
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refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime.
- Related to Labeling Theory |
Recidivism |
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the definition a person has of himself or herself as a deviant |
Deviant identity |
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The process of getting into and reaping the rewards from a deviant career as that of a legitimate career |
Deviant Careers |
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Community similar to subgroups and countercultures, in that they maintain their own values, norms, and rewards for deviant behavior. |
Deviant Community |
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What makes a deviant community? |
There is an acknowledged deviance that separates them from society |
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claims mentally ill people are not necessarily "sick" but are the victims of societal reactions to their behavior |
Symbolic Interaction |
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Spoke of stigmatization, spoiled identities, and managing spoiled identities |
Erving Goff |
