(Anthropology 101) Chapter 3: Genetics And Evolution

Front 1

Continuum of Perfection

Back 1

Single, graduated continuum from more perfection to less perfection.

- Radiance given first to humans and then with each subsequent creation some of that radiance was lost

- Aristotle and Plato

Front 2

The Chain of Being

Back 2

Chain from God to the beasts, linked together without a break.

- Microbus summarizing the work of Plotinus

- Plant and animal species couldn't go extinct because this threatened people's trust in God

Front 3

System Naturae

Back 3

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

- suggested all species were created by God and fixed in their forms

- Anti-Evolutionist

Classified plants and animals: Kingdom,

Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species

Front 4

Jean Baptise Lamarck (1744-1829)

Back 4

Believed acquired characteristics could be inherited

(Ex. Giraffes stretching necks and passing this onto young - incorrect)

Hint 4

Stupid giraffe man

Front 5

Georges Cuivier (1769-1832)

Back 5

Leading opponent of evolution

- Catastrophism: quick series of catastrophes killed off living creatures. God then replaced them by new creations

Front 6

James Hutton (1726-1797)

Back 6

Questioned Catastrophism but was ignored

Front 7

Sir Charles Lyell (1797- 1875)

Back 7

Uniformitarianism: suggested that the Earth is constantly being shaped and reshaped by natural forces that have operated over a vast stretch of time

- based on Hutton's work

Front 8

Charles Darwin (1809- 1882)

Back 8

Believed in evolution of species through natural selection

Front 9

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

Back 9

- came to the same conclusion as Darwin

- presented work together with Darwin

Hint 9

The ignored Darwin

Front 10

Natural Selection

Back 10

The outcome of processes that affect the

frequency of traits in an environment.

Traits that enhance survival and environmental success increase in frequency over time

Front 11

Adaptive or Advantageous Traits

Back 11

Result in greater reproductive success in a particular environment

Front 12

Maladaptive or Disadvantageous Traits

Back 12

Generally decline in frequency or disappear

altogether

Front 13

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 13

Replacement from outside. A quick instance of change

Front 14

Does Natural Selection account for all variation in the frequency of traits?

Back 14

No, does not account for:

- frequencies of neutral traits (no advantages or disadvantages)

Front 15

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

Back 15

Pea Plant experimenting monk

Front 16

Mitosis

Back 16

duplication of somatic cells

Hint 16

Mitosis has a "t" and so does

somatic (just call gametes sex cells and there's no "t")

Front 17

Meiosis

Back 17

Reproductive cells (gametes) are formed - the number of chromosomes is halved

Hint 17

Sex doesn't have a "t" and

neither does Meiosis

Front 18

DNA

Back 18

- Deoxyribonucleic acid

- double helix shape (Watson + Crick - 1953)

- directs the makeup and organization according to the instructions in its genetic code

A-T G-C

Front 19

Human Genome Project

Back 19

Assemble a complete genetic map for humans.Completed early 2000's

Front 20

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 20

used to copt the DNA code for protein synthesis

A-U G-C

Front 21

Protein Synthesis

Back 21

mRNA connects to Ribosome

Ribosome reads the mRNA and combines the specific amino acids to form a protein

Front 22

Sources of Variability

Back 22

1. Genetic Recombination

- Segregation: random sorting of chromosomes in meiosis

- Crossing Over: exchange of sections of one chromosome and another

Front 23

Mutation

Back 23

change in the DNA sequence that produces an altered gene

only source of new alleles in a species

Front 24

Hybridization

Back 24

creation of viable offspring from two different species

Front 25

Species

Back 25

a population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile and viable offspring

Front 26

Speciation

Back 26

development of a new species

Front 27

Factors that Prevent the Exchange of Genes

Back 27

1. Breeding at different times of year

2. Different courtship rituals

3. Difference in body structure

4. geographic barriers

Front 28

Creationism

Back 28

God created all living things and evolution has only changed them in minor ways and has not created new living things

Front 29

Intelligent Design

Back 29

if we find a complex mechanism at work in the world, we assume it had a maker.

Front 30

Sociobiology / Behavioural Ecology

Back 30

Study of how behaviour may be related to the environment.

Application of biological evolutionary principles to behaviour (Behavioural Ecology)

or

social organization and behaviour (Sociobiology)

Front 31

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 31

studies how evolution make have produced lasting variation in the way humans behave,

interact, and perceive the world

Front 32

Where does variation come from in cultural

evolution?

Back 32

- Recombination of learned behaviours

- Invention

- Borrowed ideas or behaviours from another culture

Front 33

Cultural Transmission

Back 33

how culture is passed on through learning from one generation to another. Also referred to as enculturation or socialization.

Front 34

Coevolution

Back 34

Interaction between genes and culture

- Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson

Front 35

What is the problem with Classification of

human diversity?

Back 35

whichever units of classification are used (geographic, ethnic, physical traits) people are dynamic entities and breeding populations change over time and space

Front 36

Why is the concept of biological race rejected?

Back 36

- Races are no more than cultural constructions based on arbitrary characteristics

- Biological characteristics are not linked with abilities or behaviours

- There are no "pure" races because humans have interbred with others during their history and are constantly changing